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Forces in fluids
Science, Grade 6
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Study Guide Forces in fluids Science, Grade 6
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FORCES
IN
FLUIDS
Calculating
Pressure
Pressure
is
calculated
by
dividing
force
by
area
and
is
measured
in
units
called
pascals.
For
an
example,
if
a
force
of
10
newtons
was
exerted
over
an
area
of
2
square
centimeters,
the
pressure
would
be
5
pascals.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
is
pressure
and
how
is
it
calculated?
Pressure
in
Fluids
In
fluids,
which
are
substances
that
can
flow,
pressure
is
the
sum
of
each
of
the
forces
of
each
particle
in
the
fluid.
Examples
of
fluids
include
liquids
such
as
water
and
gases
such
as
air
and
helium.
The
amount
of
pressure
in
a
fluid
can
vary.
In
the
atmosphere,
as
you
go
higher,
the
amount
of
air
pressure
decreases.
However,
in
an
ocean,
as
you
go
down
further,
the
water
pressure
increases.
In
the
atmosphere,
at
higher
elevations
there
is
less
air
available
to
press
down
on
you
and
in
the
ocean,
as
you
go
deeper,
there
is
more
water
above
you
pressing
down.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
effect
does
a
change
in
elevation
or
depth
have
on
fluid
pressure?
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Buoyancy
Buoyancy,
or
the
tendency
to
float,
is
the
result
of
unequal
fluid
pressure
exerted
on
a
person
or
object.
At
the
surface,
fluid
pressure
is
greater
under
an
object
than
above
the
object
with
the
net
result
being
an
upward
or
buoyant
force.
If
the
density
of
an
object
is
too
great,
it
will
not
be
able
to
float.
Density
is
the
amount
of
mass
per
unit
of
volume.
Since
gravity
has
the
effect
of
pulling
down
objects
of
greater
mass,
some
objects
will
sink
because
the
buoyant
force
upwards
is
not
strong
enough
to
overcome
the
force
of
gravity.
Density
can
be
calculated
by
dividing
the
mass
of
an
object
by
its
volume.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
is
buoyancy
and
what
is
its
relationship
to
density?
Pascal’s
Principle
If
force
is
applied
to
a
fluid
confined
in
a
container,
there
is
an
equal
change
in
pressure
applied
in
all
directions.
This
principle
is
referred
to
as
Pascal’s
principle.
In
the
picture,
note
how
pressure
applied
from
the
side
of
the
bottle
causes
in
increase
in
pressure
in
all
directions
inside
the
bottle.
This
principle
forms
the
basis
for
hydraulic
equipment.
In
a
machine
operated
by
hydraulics,
pressure
on
a
confined
fluid
gets
transferred
to
a
larger
surface.
The
result
is
a
large
increase
in
force
on
that
surface.
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Bernoulli’s
Principle
According
to
Bernoulli’s
principle,
when
the
speed
of
a
fluid
is
increased,
the
pressure
in
that
fluid
decreases.
This
principle
is
the
basis
for
how
a
plane
lifts
off
the
ground
and
flies.
The
wings
of
a
plane
are
designed
so
that
the
fluid
above
the
wing,
which
is
air,
goes
faster
than
the
air
below
the
wing.
The
result
is
a
decrease
in
downward
pressure
on
the
plane.
When
this
occurs,
the
pressure
lifting
the
plane
becomes
greater
than
the
pressure
pushing
down
on
the
plane.
At
this
point,
the
plane
is
able
to
take
off
and
as
long
as
it
holds
its
speed,
it
will
stay
up
despite
the
force
of
gravity.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
Explain
Pascal’s
Law
and
Bernoulli’s
Principle
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