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Cell Reproduction
Science, Grade 6
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Study Guide Cell Reproduction Science, Grade 6
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5
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CELL
REPRODUCTION
Cell
Division
The
process
where
one
cell
forms
two
identical
daughter
cells
is
called
cell
division.
Stages
of
Cell
Growth
The
cell
cycle
is
the
sequence
of
stages
of
growth
and
division
that
a
cell
undergoes.
There
are
three
stages
of
the
cell
cycle:
interphase,
mitosis,
and
cytokinesis.
Interphase
is
the
first
stage
of
the
cell
cycle.
•
The
cell
matures,
copies
(replicates)
its
DNA,
and
prepares
to
divide.
•
DNA
stands
for
DeoxyriboNucleic
Acid.
•
Replication
is
a
process
when
the
cell
makes
a
copy
of
its
DNA
in
the
nucleus.
The
second
stage
of
the
cell
cycle
is
called
mitosis.
•
During
this
stage
the
cell
distributes
all
of
the
organelles
and
the
DNA
to
each
identical
daughter
cell.
•
There
are
four
phases
during
mitosis.
They
are:
Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
and
Telophase.
Components
of
DNA
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To
understand
the
phases
of
mitosis,
you
have
to
know
the
components
of
the
DNA
that
is
replicated
in
the
process
of
mitosis.
At
the
end
of
mitosis,
one
cell
has
become
two
identical
cells,
each
with
the
same
DNA.
The
stages
of
mitosis
define
the
process
by
which
the
chromatin,
the
chromatic,
the
centromere,
and
the
chromosome
interrelate.
The
chromatin
is
the
genetic
material
that
has
the
instructions
for
how
the
cell
is
to
be
run.
It
is
the
actual
DNA.
The
chromatid
is
the
one
half
or
one
rod
of
the
condensed
chromatin.
The
chromosome
is
the
two
daughter
strands
of
a
replicated
chromatin
that
are
condensed
into
a
rod
shape
and
connected
by
a
centromere.
The
centromere
is
the
point
on
the
chromosome
where
the
two
chromatids
are
held
together.
So
in
other
words
the
chromatin
makes
up
the
chromatids,
which
make
up
the
chromosome.
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Prophase:
The
chromatin
condenses
and
spindle
fibers
form
at
each
side
of
the
cell.
The
nuclear
membrane
breaks
apart.
Metaphase:
The
chromosomes
line
up
along
the
center
of
the
cell
and
the
spindle
fibers
attach
to
each
chromosome
at
the
centromere.
Anaphase:
The
spindle
fiber
splits
the
centromere
and
the
chromatids
move
to
opposite
sides
of
the
cell.
Telophase:
The
chromosomes
loosen
on
each
side
and
the
nuclear
membrane
begins
to
form
around
the
chromatin.
Cytokinesis
The
third
stage
of
the
cell
cycle
is
cytokinesis.
During
this
stage
the
cell
membrane
pinches
in
at
the
middle
of
the
cell
until
they
become
two
separate
daughter
cells.
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Sexual
Reproduction
and
Meiosis
The
majority
of
the
species
on
Earth
reproduce
sexually.
The
process
that
reduces
the
total
number
of
chromosomes
to
half
and
forms
the
sex
cells
is
called
meiosis.
The
only
cells
that
are
created
by
meiosis
are
the
sex
cells.
Sex
cells
are
cells
that
make
up
the
sperm
(male)
and
the
egg
(female).
There
are
two
separate
cell
divisions
during
meiosis:
meiosis
1
and
meiosis
2.
There
are
four
phases
in
each
cell
division
that
have
the
same
names
as
those
from
mitosis.
The
end
result
of
meiosis
is
four
sex
cells
that
have
half
of
the
genetic
material
of
a
mitotically
produced
cell.
DNA
Structure
and
Replication
The
cell
makes
an
identical
copy
of
its
DNA
before
cell
division
called
DNA
replication.
In
1953,
James
Watson
and
Francis
Crick
discovered
the
structure
of
DNA.
The
Structure
of
DNA
DNA’s
structure
is
similar
to
that
of
a
ladder
that
is
twisted
around
and
around.
This
shape
has
given
it
the
nickname
of
the
“Double
Helix.”
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The
two
sides
of
the
double
helix
are
made
from
a
combination
of
molecules,
one
being
a
sugar
and
the
other
being
a
phosphate.
They
are
called
a
nitrogen
base
when
they
are
together.
Nitrogen
Bases
in
DNA
There
are
four
different
nitrogen
bases:
Adenine,
Thymine,
Guanine,
and
Cytosine.
The
nitrogen
bases
are
referred
to
as
A
(Adenine),
T
(Thymine),
G
(Guanine),
and
C
(Cytosine)
when
the
topic
is
DNA.
A
major
point
when
talking
about
the
nitrogen
bases
of
DNA
is
that
there
is
a
specific
pairing
of
the
molecules.
For
example,
A
(Adenine)
is
always
paired
with
T
(Thymine)
and
G
(Guanine)
is
always
paired
with
C
(Cytosine).
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purchaser
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