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Cell Processes
Science, Grade 6
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Study Guide Cell Processes Science, Grade 6
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CELL
PROCESSES
Chemical
Compounds
in
a
Cell
An
element
is
matter
that
cannot
be
broken
down
into
a
more
simple
substance.
An
element
is
made
up
of
smaller
units
of
an
element
called
atoms.
A
compound
is
a
combination
of
elements
that
are
chemically
combined
together.
A
compound
in
its
most
basic
form
is
called
a
molecule.
There
are
two
types
of
compounds
called
organic
and
inorganic
compounds.
Organic
compounds
contain
the
element
carbon,
from
which
most
living
organisms
are
made.
Inorganic
compounds
do
not
contain
the
element
carbon.
Lesson
Checkpoint:
What
is
the
main
difference
between
organic
and
inorganic
compounds?
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Proteins
Proteins
are
large
organic
compounds
that
are
made
of
carbon,
oxygen,
hydrogen,
nitrogen,
and
sometimes
sulfur.
Proteins
are
important
for
many
cellular
functions
and
are
part
of
many
of
the
structures
that
are
found
within
the
cell.
A
protein
molecule
is
made
up
of
smaller
molecules
that
are
called
amino
acids.
Amino
acids
are
the
building
blocks
of
proteins.
There
are
a
total
of
20
different
amino
acids.
They
are
similar
to
the
letters
in
the
alphabet,
in
that
they
can
be
put
together
in
multiple
ways
to
for
a
variety
of
proteins,
just
like
letters
can
be
put
together
to
form
words.
For
example,
an
enzyme
is
a
type
of
protein
that
speeds
up
a
chemical
reaction
within
a
living
organism.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are
organic
compounds
that
are
packed
with
energy
and
made
from
the
elements
carbon,
hydrogen,
and
oxygen.
Lipids
Lipids
are
also
known
as
fats
and
are
packed
with
more
energy
than
carbohydrates.
They
are
made
from
the
elements
carbon,
hydrogen,
and
oxygen.
Energy
for
the
cell
is
produced
from
carbohydrates
and
lipids.
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Nucleic
Acids
Nucleic
acids
are
organic
molecules
that
contain
the
instructions
for
all
of
the
cell
functions.
They
are
made
from
carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
phosphorus.
There
are
two
types
of
nucleic
acids.
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic
acid),
the
genetic
material
of
an
organism,
and
RNA
(ribonucleic
acid),
the
important
material
in
producing
proteins
within
the
cell.
RNA
is
found
in
both
the
nucleus
and
the
cytoplasm.
DNA
Water
Water
plays
many
roles
within
the
cell.
Water
dissolves
materials,
starts
chemical
reactions,
helps
the
cell
maintain
its
size
and
shape,
and
keeps
the
temperature
of
the
cell
stable.
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Important
Cell
Processes
Diffusion
Cells
use
diffusion
in
many
processes.
Diffusion
is
the
moving
of
a
substance
from
an
area
of
higher
concentration
to
an
area
of
lower
concentration.
Molecules
continuously
move
by
bumping
into
other
molecules.
This
bumping
allows
the
molecules
to
spread
out
evenly.
A
living
cell
needs
oxygen
to
survive.
A
single
celled
organism
uses
diffusion
to
obtain
oxygen.
Inside
the
cell
there
is
a
low
concentration
of
oxygen,
while
outside
the
cell
there
is
a
high
concentration
of
oxygen.
The
oxygen
will
diffuse
into
the
cell
because
of
the
concentration
difference
and
allow
the
organism
to
obtain
oxygen.
Osmosis
Osmosis
is
the
diffusion
of
water
across
the
cell
membrane.
Cells
need
water
to
function
properly.
Osmosis
allows
for
a
continuous
diffusion
of
water
through
the
cell
membrane
to
maintain
the
functions
of
the
cell.
Respiration
Respiration
is
a
process
that
cells
use
to
get
energy
by
breaking
down
food
molecules
and
releasing
the
energy
the
food
holds.
During
respiration,
carbohydrates
are
broken
down
into
molecules
that
are
known
as
glucose.
Glucose
is
a
simple
sugar
that
forms
the
basis
of
a
carbohydrate
molecule.
Cells
constantly
need
energy
to
function
so
this
process
of
respiration
is
constant.
Oxygen
is
needed
to
carry
out
respiration
in
the
majority
of
living
cells.
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The
chemical
equation
for
respiration
is
as
follows:
There
are
two
separate
stages
in
respiration.
•
The
first
stage
takes
place
in
the
cytoplasm
and
yields
a
small
amount
of
energy.
•
The
second
stage
takes
place
in
the
mitochondria
and
yields
the
majority
of
the
energy.
Fermentation
Fermentation
is
a
process
of
obtaining
energy
without
using
oxygen.
Organisms
that
live
in
an
environment
that
has
little
or
no
oxygen
use
this
process
to
obtain
energy.
There
are
two
types
of
fermentation:
Lactic
acid
fermentation
is
sometimes
used
in
humans
when
their
muscle
cells
cannot
take
in
enough
oxygen
to
satisfy
the
task.
For
example,
a
runner
might
not
be
getting
enough
oxygen
to
muscles
when
running.
This
causes
the
muscle
tissue
to
feel
tired
and
sore.
Alcoholic
fermentation
is
used
by
yeast
and
other
single
celled
organisms.
One
of
the
by-products
of
alcoholic
fermentation
is
alcohol.
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