Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Life Science - Middle School
Six Kingdoms of Life
Multimedia Lesson
Classification
Presentation
Six Kingdoms Overview
Presentation
Animals
Presentation
Classifying Organisms
Virtual Lab
Kingdom Identification
Interactive
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Study Guide
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Quiz
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Flash Cards
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Worksheet
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Game
Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
Vocabulary List
Vertebrates
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Invertebrates
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Animal Life Cycles
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Sponges, Cnidarians & Worms
Flip Chart
Sponges, Cnidarians & Worms
Flip Chart
Study Guide Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms
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SPONGES, CNIDARIANS AND WORMS Sponges Sponges are very different than most other animals. Until recently, people thought that sponges were plants. The fact that they take in food puts them into the animal kingdom. When they are adults, they do not move. They attach themselves to a hard surface where they live out their lives. The structure of a sponge is very basic with some specialized tissue, but lacking organs and organ systems. Structure of Sponges Like the sponges that we have in our homes, a sponge has many holes in its body that allow water to pass through, called pores. A sponge feeds similar to how a strainer works. Tiny food particles will pass through the pores and the collar cells on the inside of the central cavity will trap and digest them. A sponge will also get oxygen from the water that passes through the pores. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Oxygen will diffuse or pass through the outer tissue and into the sponges’ cells. The outside surface of some sponges contains structures known as spikes. Spikes give the sponge its shape and allow it to stay upright. The spikes also give the sponge protection from predators. A sponge reproduces both asexually and sexually. Lesson Checkpoint: What characteristic puts Sponges in the Animal Kingdom? Sponge Reproduction When a sponge reproduces asexually, it uses a process known as budding. A sponge is not male or female, but they are able to produce both egg and sperm cells. A sponge will go back and forth producing sperm and egg cells, but will never produce both at the same time. The sperm will enter a sponge through a pore that is producing egg cells fertilize the egg. After fertilization, an immature form of a sponge will develop that looks very different from an adult sponge, known as a larva. A larva is nothing more than a ball of cells that swims around until it finds a place to attach to and develop into an adult sponge. Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians are animals that have stinging cells and bring their food into a cavity within their body. Jellyfishes, hydra, and coral are examples of cnidarians. Cnidarians are carnivores with tentacles that help them to capture prey and discourage predators. Cnidarians have specialized tissue that helps them to move in their environment. This tissue allows them to respond quickly to danger or to capturing prey. All cnidarians have radial symmetry, but they have two types of body plans: polyp or medusa. A polyp is shaped similar to a vase and has a mouth opening at the top. The majority of polyps attach themselves to a hard surface where they live most of their lives. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
A medusa is a cnidarian body plan that is bowl-shaped and a free swimming animal with the mouth opening at the bottom. Some species of cnidarians go through a polyp stage and a medusa stage while some are one or the other. A cnidarian feeds by using its poisonous stinging cells to inject their prey. The venom usually paralyzes the prey so that they can pull the prey into their mouths and digest it. Cnidarians have only one opening in their digestive tracts so the food that is not digested exits through the mouth. Cnidarians reproduce sexually and asexually. Most polyps reproduce by budding. Some cnidarian species reproduce sexually. Some species have both male and female reproductive structures, while others only have one. If they have only male or female reproductive structures then they reproduce the same way that humans reproduce. Lesson Checkpoint: What are the two types of body plans of the Cnidarian species? Characteristics of Worms Scientists classify worms into three separate groups or phyla. They are the flatworms, the roundworms, and the segmented worms. All worms are invertebrates, they all have narrow and long bodies without legs, they all have bilateral symmetry, and they all have tissues, organs, and organ systems. Worms also have a tail end and a head. A worm’s head has a very simple brain that consists of basic nerve tissue. This allows worms to be able to sense their environment quicker. They sense mates, food, and predators. This gives them the ability to respond quickly to their environment. Worms reproduce sexually and asexually. In most worm species there are either male or female individuals, but some species contain both male and female sex organs. There are species of worms that are able to break apart into many pieces and each piece will grow into an identical organism. Other species of worms are able to regenerate. Regeneration is when an organism is able to regrow parts of its body. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Flatworms Flatworms are worms that are flat. Most flatworms are too small to be seen, but there are species that can grow up to ten meters long. Most species of flatworm are parasites and live and feed off of their host, which we learned about in Topic 8. Flatworms called planarians are not parasitic. They live freely in their environment. Planarians have two dark spots on their head that are called eyespots, which can sense changes in light. The sense that the planarians rely on most to help them find food is their sense of smell. Roundworms Scientists think that roundworms are the most abundant animal on earth. There could be millions of roundworms in a square meter of damp soil in the forest or any other moist habitat. Roundworms have bodies in the shape of a cylinder. Roundworms can be carnivores or herbivores. They can also be parasites. Most parasitic species of roundworms live off of the bodies of the pets that most of us have in out homes. Roundworms have a digestive tract that has both an opening at both ends. Food will enter the mouth and exit out of the anus. The anus is an opening that allows digested wastes exit the body of an organism. This allows the food to travel one way in their digestive systems. Segmented Worms If you have ever been outside in the spring while it was raining, you probably saw an earthworm at some point. Earthworms are called segmented worms. Leeches are another example of segmented worms. Segmented worms inhabit most of the environments on earth. Segmented worms live in burrows in the ground, which give them protection and allow them to hunt for prey. If you look closely at a segmented worm, you will notice that its body is made up of many rings with grooves in between each ring. Segmented worms have bodies that are made up of many different sections, which are called segments. Each of the segments contains similar organs while some of them contain other organs like the reproductive organs. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Lesson Checkpoint: Why are they called segmented worms? The nerve chord and the one-way digestive tract run the entire length of the body. A segmented worm has a closed circulatory system, which allows the blood to move throughout the body in a network of tubes that are called blood vessels. In sections of the segmented worms there are pairs of organs that pump the blood around the body. These structures act like a heart. This allows segmented worms to grow large because oxygen can get to all of the cells easier. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Table Of Contents: Six Kingdoms of Life
1. Classification
2.1. Why Do Scientists Classify Organisms?
There are millions of types of organisms that live on Earth. A classification system helps scientists study, record and share information about organisms in a systematic and useful way.
2.2. How Are Organisms Classified?
The science of classification is called taxonomy. Organisms are classified according to shared characteristics such as cell structure, physical appearance, how they obtain food and method of reproduction.
2.3. DNA Technology and Classification
DNA technology is also playing a role in classification. The study of gene sequences and mutations has enabled scientists to understand the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
2.4. Levels of Classification
There are seven levels of classification—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
2.5. Scientific Name
Each organism is identified by its scientific name, which includes the genus and species. For example, humans are called Homo sapiens.
2. Six Kingdoms Overview
3.1. What Are the Six Kingdoms?
All organisms are classified into six different kingdoms—archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals.
3.2. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
From an evolutionary perspective, archaebacteria and eubacteria are the simplest organisms, having evolved billions of years ago.
3.3. Protists
Protists are more complex organisms with a variety of characteristics. Scientists believe that protists evolved from bacteria.
3.4. Fungi, Plants and Animals
Fungi, plants and animals all evolved from different types of protists.
3. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
4.1. Characteristics of Bacteria
Bacteria are simple unicellular organisms that can be found in nearly every environment on Earth. All bacteria are prokaryotic—they do not have a true nucleus or organelles with membranes.
4.2. Two Bacterial Groups
DNA studies suggest that there are two distinct groups of bacteria. Therefore bacteria are divided into two kingdoms—archaebacteria and eubacteria.
4.3. Where Are Archaebacteria Found?
Some archaebacteria are found in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes, while other species live in the ocean and soil.
4.4. Where Are Eubacteria Found?
Eubacteria are more common than archaebacteria and are found in soil, water and our bodies.
4.5. Beneficial and Harmful Bacteria
Archaebacteria and eubacteria are diverse kingdoms of organisms that contribute to oxygen production, food production, decomposition, medical applications and biotechnology. Some bacteria are harmful and cause disease.
4. Protists
5.1. Characteristics of Protists
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They typically live in or near water and can be unicellular or multicellular.
5.2. Variety of Protists
The protist kingdom includes organisms that are not classified as plants, animals or fungi. Protists are difficult to categorize because there is a wide variation of characteristics among species.
5.3. Protist Groups
Protists are often grouped according to whether they are animal-like, plant-like or fungus-like.
5.4. Protozoa
Animal-like protists are known as protozoa. They are single-celled organisms that move to find food. Amoeba and paramecium are classified as protozoa.
5.5. Algae
Plant-like protists, called algae, contain chloroplasts and make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. They are primarily found in fresh water. Examples include volvox, euglena and spirogyra.
5.6. Fungus-Like Protists
Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that feed on decomposing matter. They reproduce using spores. Water molds, downy mildew and slime molds are fungus-like protists.
5. Pause and Interact
6.1. Review
Use the whiteboard text tool to complete the activity.
6. Fungi
7.1. Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from decomposing matter. Most are multicellular, but some, like yeast, are unicellular.
7.2. Parts of a Fungus
The bodies of most fungi are composed of filaments called hyphae. These hyphae grow into a large mass of cells called mycelium.
7.3. Fungus Reproduction
Most fungi reproduce using spores. Fungi are classified into three groups according to their sexual reproductive structures—zygote, sac and club fungi.
7.4. Beneficial Fungi
Many fungi are beneficial organisms, contributing to the recycling of nutrients, food production and medical advances.
7.5. Harmful Fungi
There are some fungi that are harmful and cause disease in animals and plants.
7. Plants
8.1. Plant Characteristics
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that live primarily on land. They are autotrophic, obtaining energy through photosynthesis.
8.2. Cellulose and Chloroplasts
Plant cells are distinct because they have cell walls composed of cellulose. Chloroplasts inside the cells contain the pigment chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis.
8.3. How Are Plants Classified?
Plants are classified according to whether they have vascular systems, produce seeds and develop flowers.
8.4. Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants absorb water and nutrients directly from their surroundings. They are seedless and are considered to be the most ancient land plants. Examples include liverworts, mosses and hornworts.
8.5. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, club mosses and horsetails are seedless vascular plants that reproduce using spores. The vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, carry water and nutrients throughout the plant.
8.6. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds, but do not have flowers. The seeds of most gymnosperms develop in the scales of cones.
8.7. Angiosperms
Angiosperms are flowering vascular plants that produce seeds inside a fruit.
8. Pause and Interact
9.1. Review
Use the whiteboard tools to complete the activity.
9. Animals
10.1. Animal Characteristics
All organisms in the animal kingdom are multicellular heterotrophs, and their cells lack cell walls. Most animals reproduce sexually, have some type of nervous system and are capable of movement.
10.2. Major Animal Groups
There are over 1.5 million known species of animals. This branching tree shows how major animal groups are possibly related.
10.3. Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without backbones. These animals live in water and on land. They account for over 95% of the known animal species.
10.4. Invertebrate Groups
Some of the major groups of invertebrates include sponges, worms, mollusks, echinoderms, cnidarians and arthropods.
10.5. Vertebrates
Vertebrates have a spinal cord encased by protective vertebrae. They also have an endoskeleton that is composed of cartilage or bone. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are all vertebrates.
10. Pause and Interact
11.1. Kingdom Identification
Drag and drop each organism into the correct kingdom.
11. Vocabulary Review
12.1. Six Kingdoms of Life Vocabulary Matching
All organisms in the animal kingdom are multicellular heterotrophs, and their cells lack cell walls. Most animals reproduce sexually, have some type of nervous system and are capable of movement.
12. Virtual Investigation
13.1. Classifying Organisms
In this virtual investigation you will classify several organisms according to their distinguishing characteristics. Use the information provided and your knowledge of the six kingdoms to help identify each organism.
13. Assessment
14.1. Six Kingdoms of Life
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