Circulation and immunity
Human Body - Middle School
Systems of the Human Body 3: Protection, Reproduction and Cooperation
Multimedia Lesson
Systems of the Human Body 2: Providing Fuel and Transportation
Multimedia Lesson
Disease and the Body's Defense
Presentation
The Immune Response
Presentation
Illness, Immunity and Allergies
Presentation
Cardiovascular System - Transporting Fuel and Waste
Presentation
Blood
Presentation
Heart Health
Presentation
Infection and Inflammation
Virtual Lab
Blood Typing
Virtual Lab
The Immune System
Interactive
Cardiovascular System
Interactive
Circulation and immunity
Study Guide
Circulation and immunity
Quiz
Circulation and immunity
Flash Cards
Circulation and immunity
Worksheet
Circulation and immunity
Game
Circulation and immunity
Vocabulary List
Cardiovascular System
Flip Chart
Blood and Lymph
Flip Chart
Disease and the Body’s Defenses
Flip Chart
Inflammation
Flip Chart
The Immune Response
Flip Chart
Illness, Immunity and Allergies
Flip Chart
Study Guide Circulation and immunity
❮
1
/
10
❯
CIRCULATION AND IMMUNITY The Circulatory System The circulatory system, otherwise known as the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. This important system is a large network of highways delivering blood throughout the body. The circulatory system brings many different materials to all the cells of the body and picks up waste from the same cells. The blood contains different types of cells that fight diseases and infections. The most important structure of the circulatory system is the heart. The Heart The heart is a hollow muscle made of cardiac muscle that pumps blood to all of the cells in the body. The heart lies underneath the breastbone and is protected by the rib cage. Every time the heart beats, blood is being pushed through all of the different blood vessels of the body. The structure of the heart keeps the blood flowing in one direction, in a path from body to heart to lungs to heart and back to body. The heart has two separate sides, the right and left, which are separated by the septum. The septum prevents oxygen-rich blood from mixing with oxygen-poor blood. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
There is an upper and lower chamber on each side of the heart. The upper chambers are known as the atria, and the lower chambers are known as the ventricles. Each atrium receives blood into the heart and each ventricle pumps blood out of the heart. The structure that divides the atria from the ventricles is called a valve. The valve prevents blood from flowing backwards in the one-way direction of the circulatory system. Lesson Checkpoint: What structure prevents blood from flowing backwards? Steps of a Heart Beat There are two separate actions every time the heart beats. First, the heart relaxes and the atria fill with blood. Then the atria contract, causing blood to move through the valve and into the ventricles. The ventricles will then contract causing the valves to close and pumping blood out to the body. In the right atrium, there are a group of cells that send out signals that cause the heart to contract called the pacemaker. The pacemaker receives information about the body’s need for oxygen. Immediately after leaving the heart, the blood travels through the blood vessels. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Blood Vessels There are three types of blood vessels in the human body: arteries, capillaries, and veins. • The arteries are blood vessels that move blood away from the heart and out to the body. • The capillaries are small blood vessels that connect the arteries to the veins and where substances are exchanged between the blood and body tissues. • The veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart muscle. Blood Flow There are two loops in the circulatory system. One has oxygen-rich blood and one has oxygen-depleted blood. The blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart in the first loop. The blood flows from the heart, out to the body, and back to the heart in the second loop. Blood takes less than a minute to travel through both loops. • During the first loop, the blood leaves the right atrium and is pumped out to the lungs. This is where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide and other wastes. The blood then returns to the heart. • During the second loop, the blood leaves the left atrium and is pumped out of the left ventricle to all of the cells in the body. The blood drops off oxygen to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other wastes. Lesson Checkpoint: What is the difference between the two loops of the circulatory system? © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins Blood leaves the heart through arteries. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through arteries and the left ventricle pumps blood out to the body through an artery called the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. All of the cells in the body receive materials from blood that travels through the arteries. The heart itself receives materials from blood through structures called the coronary arteries. Structure of an Artery The walls of arteries are thick and consist of three different layers. The inside layer is made up of epithelial cells that are very smooth, which helps to increase the blood flow. The middle layer is smooth muscle. The outside layer is made up of connective tissue. The artery structure is very flexible and strong allowing the arteries to hold high pressure created by the pumping of the heart. When the blood exits the arteries, it enters the capillaries. Materials are exchanged in the capillaries between the blood and the cells that surround the capillaries. The walls of capillaries are one cell thick allowing materials to be passed through easily. The blood brings oxygen and glucose to the cells and picks up cellular waste. The materials pass through the capillary walls in a process called diffusion, which we learned about in Topic 4. The capillaries are very small, allowing the blood cells to pass through one at a time. The blood then exits the capillaries and enters the veins. The veins carry the blood that is loaded with waste back to the heart. Veins are made of three layers of tissue with the center tissue being made of muscle. The pressure created by the heart is low by the time that the blood reaches the veins. Blood must flow in one direction, so valves help the blood from flowing backwards. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Components of Blood If you were to take blood out of your body and put it into a test tube, the blood would separate into its four components. The top layer would be the liquid part of the blood called plasma. The second layer would be white blood cells and platelets and the last layer would be the red blood cells. Plasma makes up over 50% of the blood and is made mostly of water. Plasma includes materials like digested foods, vitamins, minerals, and wastes from the cells. The yellowish color of plasma is caused by the three types of proteins within the plasma. The plasma proteins monitor the amount of water in the plasma, help to fight disease, and work with platelets to form blood clots. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells of the body. Without these cells, the body would have no way of getting oxygen to the cells. Red blood cells are produced by the marrow within bones. Red blood cells look like a round tube that you would ride at a water park, except the center is pinched together. The structure of red blood cells allows them to be flexible so that they can easily travel through the narrow capillaries. Red blood cells are made of a protein the binds together with oxygen molecules called hemoglobin. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
White blood cells are also produced in the bone marrow and are the disease fighters of the body. If a white blood cell recognizes a disease, virus, or bacterial cell it will sound the alarm so the body is aware of the invader. There are white blood cells that produce chemicals that kill the invaders and others that actually attack the invader. There are fewer white blood cells than there are red blood cells in the blood and the white blood cells are much bigger. If you have ever fallen and scraped or cut a part of your body, you probably noticed that after a while you developed a scab over the cut or scrape. The material in the blood that caused the blood to clot is called the platelets. Platelets are fragments of cells that are critical to forming blood clots. When you get a cut on your body, platelets stick to the area of the wound and begin to collect. Platelets will then release certain chemicals that will produce a protein called fibrin. Fibrin is a protein that weaves a net that covers the cut and tangles blood cells into the net until a blood clot or scab develops. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Blood types If a person were to ever lose a lot of blood from a wound, that person may be given a blood transfusion. A blood transfusion is a medical procedure that transfers blood from one person to another. In the early 1900’s, this procedure often failed, and doctors did not understand why at the time. It wasn’t until a physician tried mixing the blood of several different patients in a glass jar that the problem was revealed. The blood would clump together when some patients’ blood was mixed and mix together smoothly when other patients’ blood was mixed. The clumping after a blood transfusion caused certain patients to die because the clumped blood was clogging the blood vessels. This led to the discovery of the four types of blood. The blood types are A, AB, B and O. The blood type of a person is determined by markers that are on the red blood cells. If you have an A marker, then you have blood type A. If you have both A and B markers, then you have blood type AB. If you have a B marker, then you have blood type B. If you have no markers at all, then you have blood type O. The markers that determine your blood type also determine which types of blood you can safely receive in a blood transfusion. Refer to the chart to see which blood types mix well and which do not. The lymphatic system Blood will occasionally leak out through the walls of the blood vessels. The liquid is brought back to the bloodstream by a network of vein-like vessels called the lymphatic system. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Once the fluid is within the lymphatic system it is called lymph. Lymph is put back into the veins through lymphatic vessels. As the liquid passes through the lymphatic system, it enters structures call lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are structures of the lymphatic system that filter the lymph, trapping materials that can cause disease. Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases Many infectious diseases are caused by organisms that are too small to see without a microscope. The organisms that are the cause of disease are called pathogens. An infectious disease is a disease that can be spread from one organism to the other. Each pathogen causes a specific disease. The major groups of pathogens that cause disease in humans are protists, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The only way to stop an infectious disease is by killing the organism that is causing the disease. Pathogens are spread in many different ways, including from another person, a contaminated object, and the environment around you. Infectious disease can be spread from one person to another directly through physical contact such as hugging and shaking hands, and indirectly by inhaling materials in the air from another person’s sneeze. Objects can become contaminated if an infected person touches the object; then that disease can be spread if another person were to touch that object. Many pathogens live in our environment. They live in soil, food, and water. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Noninfectious Disease Noninfectious diseases are diseases that are not spread from one person to another. These include diabetes, allergies, and cancer. Diabetes: The pancreas is an organ that produces the chemical insulin. Insulin allows the body to take in glucose from the blood and use the glucose for energy. Diabetes is a noninfectious disease that occurs when the body is unable to use insulin or the pancreas does not produce insulin. When a person has diabetes, they have high levels of glucose in their blood, and the glucose is excreted in the urine rather than used by the body. This drastically reduces the glucose that is available for the cells to produce energy. A person with diabetes must monitor the amount of glucose that is in their blood on a strict schedule to keep his or her body systems in balance. Allergy: An allergy is a disorder caused when the immune system is sensitive to a certain substance. Allergies are caused by plants and certain animals. Asthma is a condition that is caused by allergies. Cancer: Cancer is a noninfectious disease that occurs when cells multiply uncontrollably and begin to damage healthy tissue. The multiplying cells will start to grow in size, becoming a tumor. A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue. Body Defenses Against Disease Our body has created barriers to keep the pathogens out. The skin, mouth, stomach, and breathing passages are barriers that trap and kill most of the pathogens that we come into contact with on a daily basis. These body parts are known as the first line of defense against disease. • The skin produces oils and sweat that will kill most of the pathogens that try to enter. Washing your skin will get rid of pathogens. • The mouth and stomach both produce chemicals that will destroy pathogens. • Mucus that is produced in the breathing passages will trap pathogens and cilia slowly remove the trapped pathogens. However, even with these defenses against invading pathogens, sometimes disease invades the body. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
The second line of defense is a response to damaged tissue called the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response causes the body to release chemicals and white blood cells into the tissue near the damaged tissue so that the chemicals and white blood cells can fight the invading pathogens. The response is the same no matter what the invader is. The white blood cells involved with the inflammatory response are called phagocytes. Function of a phagocyte A phagocyte is a white blood cell that surrounds the invading pathogen and breaks it down. The area that is affected by an inflammatory response becomes red and swollen because the blood vessels widen to allow the fluids and blood to get to the area damaged. The area affected by the inflammatory response is normally warmer than the surrounding tissue because of the repairing that is occurring. The third line of defense is called the immune response. An immune response is from our body’s disease fighting system, also known as our immune system. The immune system can tell the difference between the various pathogens, so the pathogens are specifically targeted. The white blood cells that are involved with the immune response are called lymphocytes. Two types of lymphocytes There are two types of lymphocytes called T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes or T cells and B cells. • T cells identify exactly which pathogens have invaded the body. Each type of T cell recognizes one pathogen. What the T cells actually recognize is something called an antigen that is on the pathogen. An antigen is a molecule that responds to a particular immune response. • B cells produce chemicals, called antibodies, which help to destroy the different types of pathogens. Antigens and antibodies attack pathogens together. The antigen will attach to the pathogen and the antibody attaches to the antigen. This will mark the invading pathogen to be destroyed. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted for the purchaser to print copies for non-commercial educational purposes only. Visit us at www.NewPathLearning.com.
Table Of Contents: Systems of the Human Body 3: Protection, Reproduction and Cooperation
1. Disease and the Body's Defense
2.1. Pathogens and Disease
A pathogen is an organism that can cause disease. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites are examples of pathogens that can cause infection at a number of different locations in the body.
2.2. How Diseases Spread
Once a pathogen infects the body, our defense mechanisms work to destroy it. However, there is always the chance that a pathogen can spread from the initial site. It can multiply and invade surrounding tissues and the bloodstream, causing problems in many parts of the body. Pathogens can also be transmitted from one human to another through the air, via skin-to-skin contact, or on surfaces such as door handles.
2.3. Body Defense against Pathogens
You encounter a wide variety of pathogens every day, but your body is protected from them by different defense systems. A naturally existing barrier, such as your skin, is one type of defense against disease. Inflammation is another general defense system that is activated when pathogens enter the body. A third type of defense is the immune response, which is a very specific cellular response to disease.
2.4. Natural Barriers to Disease
The human body protects itself with non-specific defense systems that react naturally and automatically to invading organisms. Your skin, with its layers of protective tissue, is a very strong, watertight barrier to environmental pathogens. Another example is in your respiratory tract, where mucus and cilia help trap pathogen particles and move them up to your throat, so you can cough and expel them.
2.5. Inflammation
Sometimes pathogens are able to move past natural barriers and enter the body. When body cells are damaged, then inflammation occurs. The signs of inflammation (heat, swelling, redness and pain) reflect the body’s general response to an injury or pathogen.
2.6. Inflammation and Repair
Inflammation occurs when there is an injury or introduction of anything foreign into your body. When you cut your skin, blood vessels widen to increase blood flow. This enables an explosive increase in the number of white blood cells in the area of injury. These white blood cells, called neutrophils, engulf any foreign material. All of these reactions provide the early stages for wound repair. At the same time, the body’s immune response is also activated.
2.7. Specific Protection from Disease
When challenged by disease or infection, the cells of our body’s immune system go into high gear to protect us from illness. Immune system cells called lymphocytes can distinguish between different kinds of pathogens and have specific reactions to fight against and destroy each type of pathogen.
2. Pause and Interact
3.1. Review
Use the whiteboard tools to complete a concept map of the body's different defenses against pathogens.
3. The Immune Response
4.1. What Is an Antigen?
An antigen is a molecule that the immune system can recognize as either part of the body or as foreign to the body. Pathogens have antigens on the surface of their cells. These antigens, or marker molecules, signal the body's immune system that there is a foreign invader.
4.2. How Does the Immune System Work?
The immune system works in two ways. One type of white blood cell produces antibodies against specific antigens that lead to the destruction of the pathogens. Another type of white blood cell reacts directly against pathogens to destroy them.
4.3. Antibodies
Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific molecules called antigens, which are present on the cells of invading organisms. Once antibodies bind to antigens, the pathogen is marked for destruction. Some antibodies make it easier for macrophages to destroy the pathogens. A macrophage cell can engulf an invading pathogen and secrete enzymes to destroy it.
4.4. B Lymphocytes
In the immune system’s response, the white blood cells that produce antibodies are called B lymphocytes. Each type of B lymphocyte produces only one kind of antibody. Antibodies help destroy and remove pathogens. For example, when you suffer from strep throat caused by bacteria, your body produces anti-strep antibodies that lead to the removal of the bacteria.
4.5. T Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell that reacts against pathogens through direct cell contact or by release of chemicals that are toxic to the pathogen. For example, T lymphocytes can attach to cancer cells and release chemicals that poke holes in and kill the cancer cells.
4.6. Lymphocyte Location
B and T lymphocytes are scattered together all over the body, especially in the lymph nodes and spleen, which function as focal points for fighting pathogens in the body.
4.7. Lymph Node Protection
Lymph nodes are small kidney bean shaped filtration structures rich in lymphocytes and macrophages. Lymph nodes monitor foreign materials, and are found throughout the body. For example, when you suffer from a sore throat, the lymph nodes below your chin become larger as the white blood cells work to fight off the bacteria or virus.
4.8. Role of the Spleen
The role of the spleen is similar to a lymph node except that it filters blood, while lymph nodes filter other fluid. Like lymph nodes, the spleen is full of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages. These cells help clear the blood of foreign materials and old or abnormally-shaped red blood cells.
4. Pause and Interact
5.1. Review
Compare and contrast B and T lymphocytes. Fill in the table using the whiteboard text tool.
5.2. Immune System
Click on the Terms button. Then click and drag each term to the correct box. Use the reset button to clear the terms and start over. Use the gear button to customize the draggable terms.
5. Illness, Immunity and Allergies
6.1. When the Immune System Is Overwhelmed
Although your body has several levels of defense and an amazing immune response, you still experience sickness. This happens when cancer or the infectious agent, such as in pneumonia, grows beyond what our immune and inflammatory systems can fight, and illness wins out.
6.2. Immunization: Passive Immunity
There are ways in which our system can be boosted or immunized to protect us from pathogens. In cases of passive immunity, specific antibodies are injected into the bloodstream. For example, a person infected with rabies is injected with anti-rabies antibodies to acquire immunity. Another example of passive immunity happens naturally in a developing fetus as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus across the placenta.
6.3. Immunization: Active Immunity
Active immunization happens when a person receives an injection of weakened antigens in the form of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the B and T lymphocytes, and antibodies are produced. If the immunized person is exposed to or infected with that specific pathogen again, the immune system is ready to defend the body against the challenge. Each year many people are immunized with a flu vaccine to avoid the spread of a particular type of influenza.
6.4. Allergic Response
A person with allergies has an immune system that is hypersensitive to certain materials. When the immune system reacts or overreacts to materials such as dust, pollen, latex or certain foods, we call this an allergic reaction. Exposure to these materials, or allergens, produces an exaggerated response that can sometimes even threaten someone’s life.
6.5. Staying Healthy and Preventing Disease
Keeping healthy requires a combination of maintaining healthy defense systems and reducing our exposure to those materials that can make us sick. Frequent hand washing is a way to kill germs that can easily spread from person to person and reduce the risk of infection.
6. Pause and Interact
7.1. Review
Compare and contrast passive and active immunity. Fill in the table using the whiteboard text tool.
7. Skin - Physical Protection
8.1. Skin Barrier and Production of Vitamin D
The skin provides a watertight physical barrier that protects us from injury, infection and dehydration. In the presence of ultraviolet light, skin cells also produce vitamin D, which helps in calcium absorption and maintaining strong bones.
8.2. Skin and Temperature
The skin is rich in blood vessels that constrict to conserve heat when the temperature is cold. These blood vessels will enlarge and increase blood flow to release body heat when the temperature is hot. Sweat glands within the skin will also release secretions, called perspiration, in response to heat. Sweat quickly evaporates to create a cooling effect.
8.3. Cell Structure of the Skin
Skin is made up of an outer layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis and an inner layer of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels called the dermis.
8.4. The Epidermis
The epidermis has many layers of cells that are constantly being replaced. Within the epidermis, pigmented cells known as melanocytes release varied amounts of melanin. Skin pores on the surface of the epidermis are openings to sweat glands. These pores are most numerous in the palms of the hands and in the armpits.
8.5. Skin Growth and Repair
The epidermis of our skin grows throughout our lifetime. Epidermal cells live for about two weeks. The outer layer of dead epidermal cells is sloughed off and replaced by an inner layer of growing cells. If injured, the epidermis can grow back to repair the damage, such as when someone suffers from a cut.
8.6. Skin Support: The Dermis
The dermis is the underlying layer of the skin that provides the blood supply and contains the nerves that give us our sense of touch. The dermis also contains sweat glands, hair follicles and oil glands.
8.7. Skin Cancer
Cells of the epidermis are susceptible to the challenges of our environment, including the potentially damaging rays of the Sun. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can develop from overexposure to ultraviolet rays. The chance of developing melanoma can be reduced through the use of high SPF lotions and protective clothing.
8.8. Importance of Healthy Skin
Your skin is important for your survival. It protects you from your environment, which is full of potentially dangerous bacteria, viruses and fungal organisms. People suffering from serious burns often lose a layer of skin. These burn victims are at significant risk for infection and death until healed due to the loss of this all-important physical barrier.
8. Pause and Interact
9.1. Review
Use the whiteboard text tool to describe the composition of the epidermis and the dermis.
9.2. The Skin
Click on the Terms button. Then click and drag each term to the correct box. Use the reset button to clear the terms and start over. Use the gear button to customize the draggable terms.
9. Reproduction--Continuing the Species
10.1. Sex Cells
Both males and females produce sex cells. When sex cells combine during the process of fertilization, a new offspring is produced. Females release a single egg, or ovum, during a monthly reproductive cycle. Males produce millions of sperm cells. These cells are stored so they can be released as part of the fertilization process.
10.2. Fertilization
The moment of fertilization occurs within the female reproductive tract when a single sperm cell enters an egg. The nuclear material of the egg and sperm combine to form a zygote, which is the earliest stage of human embryonic development.
10.3. Sperm Production
The male reproductive system is designed to continuously produce sperm through a type of cell division called meiosis that occurs within the male's testes. Each sperm is a specialized cell that develops a tail known as a flagellum. This tail gives the cell the ability to “swim,” an important function in the process of fertilization.
10.4. Testes
Sperm are produced in the male’s testes and carried through a series of tubules. The sperm are nourished and supported by secretions from accessory glands such as the prostate. Within the testes, specialized cells release the hormone testosterone, which is important in the process and rate of sperm production. Testosterone also controls the development of adult male physical characteristics, such as facial hair and a deep voice.
10.5. Female Reproductive System
The organs of the female reproductive system are designed to support the growth and release of a single egg from the ovaries during a monthly cycle. The egg is released through uterine tubes, called the oviducts, into the uterus. The uterus is made up of an inner glandular wall and an outer muscular wall, both important in nurturing a developing fetus and helping move the fetus, through muscular contractions, during birth.
10.6. Female Reproductive Hormones
Female reproductive processes are controlled by different hormones. For example, the follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the pituitary gland to control the growth and release of the egg from the ovary. During this early stage of the cycle, the ovaries release estrogen and progesterone hormones to stimulate the growth of the inner lining of the uterus, in case fertilization occurs.
10.7. Menstruation
If an egg is released but not fertilized, then pregnancy does not occur. Hormone levels signal the breakdown of the inner lining of the uterus. This excess tissue and blood pass out of the body in a process known as menstruation. Then the monthly cycle starts all over again.
10.8. Egg Fertilization
If an egg is fertilized within the female, the embryo will adhere to the inner lining of the uterus, establishing a connection through which the mother can nourish the fetus through pregnancy. The embryo is supported by the nutrient-rich blood vessels of the placenta. As the embryo grows into a fetus, the ovaries continue to produce hormones that keep the connection between fetus and mother very strong.
10.9. Human Implantation and Early Development
The zygote begins dividing and developing into a multicellular embryo as it travels down the oviduct toward the uterus. The embryo then attaches to the inner lining of the uterus and begins to grow rapidly. From this point, through the 8th or 9th week, there are many cell divisions and changes as the embryo shows signs of a developing nervous system and other organ systems.
10.10. Human Fetal Development and Birth
From the ninth week of development until birth, the growing human is referred to as a fetus. After approximately nine months, a human infant is born. A number of dramatic changes occur in an infant’s lungs and circulatory system to allow the baby to breathe and circulate blood completely on his or her own. Previously, the baby was totally dependent on the mother through the umbilical cord connection with the placenta. At birth, this physical connection ends as the baby moves into another stage of the human life cycle.
10. Pause and Interact
11.1. Review
Use the whiteboard text tool to complete the table.
11.2. The Male Reproductive System
Click on the Terms button. Then click and drag each term to the correct box. Use the reset button to clear the terms and start over. Use the gear button to customize the draggable terms.
11.3. The Female Reproductive System
Click on the Terms button. Then click and drag each term to the correct box. Use the reset button to clear the terms and start over. Use the gear button to customize the draggable terms.
11. Systems Working Together
12.1. Link between Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The lungs contain a very extensive network of capillaries. Oxygen moves through the walls of the alveoli into the capillaries and blood. Carbon dioxide and water move in the opposite direction, through the walls of the capillaries into the alveoli. In this gas exchange process, oxygen-poor blood is replenished with oxygen, and carbon dioxide moves into the lung space to be exhaled.
12.2. Links between Digestive, Nervous and Muscular Systems
A constant dietary source of carbohydrates is important for the functioning of vital organs. Skeletal muscles and brain neurons require carbohydrate (glucose) as a source of cellular energy. When glucose runs low in muscles, you become fatigued. When it happens with neurons of the brain, you feel light-headed, dizzy and confused.
12.3. Organ Systems During Exercise
During exercise your muscles contract to move your skeleton in different directions and at different speeds. Your heart rate tends to increase as you exercise because this activity requires a constant delivery of oxygen to your tissues. You breathe harder to get rid of excess carbon dioxide and to deliver even more oxygen. Your brain neuron activity is a virtual firestorm of activity as you work to consciously and subconsciously control all aspects of body movement.
12.4. Healthy Habits, Healthy Organs
To maintain overall body health, it is important to make sure your vital organs are functioning normally. Your lungs should be clear of pollutants, and your blood vessels should not be thickened with excess fat. Your heart needs to be fit and efficient. Reduction in stress will also benefit your body systems by keeping stress hormones at a minimum.
12. Vocabulary Review
13.1. Vocabulary Matching Review
13. Virtual Investigation
14.1. Infection and Inflammation
Your immune system responds quickly when your body is threatened by potentially dangerous foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. In this investigation, you are provided with three scenarios. For each scenario you will identify and select the cells that are involved with the body's defense systems and watch animations that illustrate how the cells work together to fight against foreigner invaders.
Click on the more info button for background information about the different types of cells that help your body respond to foreign invaders (pathogens) and allergens.
14. Assessment
15.1. Human Body 3
NewPath Learning
About Us Our Team Awards & Endorsements Grants & Funding Product Suggestions Custom Publishing Collaborate Online Our BlogSolutions
Review & Reinforcement Intervention & Enrichment Test Prep After School/Summer School Parental Involvement Professional DevelopmentShop By Product
Curriculum Mastery Games Flip Charts Visual Learning Guides Curriculum Learning Modules E-Books/Workbooks Posters & Charts Study/Vocabulary Cards Digital Curriculum Online Learning Online Printable WorksheetsShop By Grade
Early Childhood First Grade Second Grade Third Grade Fourth Grade Fifth Grade Sixth Grade Seventh Grade Eighth Grade High School
© 2024 NewPath Learning all right reserved | Privacy Statements | Term of use | Website design WinMix Soft
