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Earthquakes
Science, Grade 7
❮
1
/
2
❯
focus
seismic
waves
epicenter
epicenter
hanging
wall
direction
of
wave
direction
of
wave
direction
of
wave
footwall
footwall
hanging
wall
earthquake
damage
What
are
Earthquakes?
The
theory
of
plate
tectonics
describes
the
movement
of
the
plates
of
the
lithosphere
relative
to
each
other.
This
movement
creates
forces
that
push
and
pull
on
the
crust.
Crustal
rock
can
absorb
and
store
energy,
but
only
so
much.
There
is
a
point
at
which
the
stress
is
more
than
the
rock
can
hold,
and
the
rock
breaks.
When
the
rock
breaks,
the
stored
energy
is
released
and
this
energy
travels
through
the
Earth.
This
sudden
release
of
energy
created
when
rocks
break
is
called
an
earthquake.
Types
of
Seismic
Waves
Seismic
waves
are
the
vibrations
from
earthquakes
that
travel
through
the
Earth
and
are
recorded
on
instruments
called
seismographs.
There
are
three
different
types
of
seismic
waves
released
by
an
earthquake.
Kinds
of
Faults
A
fault
is
created
when
tension
in
Earth’s
crust
pulls
the
rock
layers
apart.
Normal
Fault
A
normal
fault
occurs
when
a
hanging
block
moves
down
relative
to
the
footwall.
Reverse
Fault
When
the
hanging
wall
moves
up
relative
to
the
footwall,
a
reverse
fault
is
formed.
Reverse
faults
are
the
result
of
compression
(forces
that
push
rocks
together).
Strike-slip
Fault
A
strike-slip
fault
forms
when
rocks
move
past
each
other
horizontally.
The
San
Andreas
Fault
is
an
example
of
a
strike-slip
fault.
P-waves
or
primary
waves
are
the
first
energy
waves
released.
They
are
the
fastest
of
the
seismic
waves
and
can
travel
through
solids,
liquids
and
gases.
Because
they
are
the
fastest
seismic
waves,
they
are
the
first
waves
to
be
measured
by
a
seismograph.
P-waves
are
pulse
waves
that
move
rock
back
and
forth,
first
compressing
then
stretching
the
rock.
S-waves
or
secondary
waves
are
the
second
type
of
waves
created
by
an
earthquake.
S-waves
are
slower
than
P-waves
and
therefore
arrive
at
a
seismograph
after
the
P-waves.
S-waves
are
also
called
shear
waves
because
they
travel
in
an
S
pattern
through
the
rock,
creating
shear
stresses.
S-waves
can
travel
through
solids,
but
they
cannot
travel
through
liquids.
The
slowest
and
most
destructive
seismic
waves
created
by
an
earthquake
are
called
surface
waves.
Surface
waves
travel
along
the
surface
of
the
Earth’s
crust
in
a
circular
motion
and
shake
the
surface
of
the
Earth
up
and
down.
Measuring
Earthquakes
An
earthquake’s
seismic
waves
are
measured
and
recorded
by
an
instrument
called
a
seismograph.
The
actual
recording
of
the
seismic
waves
is
a
seismogram.
Using
seismograms,
seismologists
can
determine
an
earthquake’s
start
time
and
its
epicenter.
The
magnitude
of
most
earthquakes
is
measured
on
the
Richter
scale,
invented
by
Charles
F.
Richter
in
1934.
Earthquakes
are
classified
in
categories
ranging
from
minor
(3
on
the
Richter
scale)
to
major
(7
or
more
on
the
Richter
scale).
Photographs
courtesy
of
USGS.
Time
P
wave
S-P
interval
S
wave
surface
wave
Earthquakes
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4106
www.newpathlearning.com
\|xiBAHBDy01786ozX
direction
of
wave
direction
of
wave
direction
of
wave
P
wave
S-P
interval
S
wave
surface
wave
What
Are
Earthquakes?
Describe:
Earthquake:
______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Epicenter:
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Focus:
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Types
of
Seismic
Waves
_____________________________
are
the
vibrations
from
earthquakes
that
travel
through
the
Earth
and
recorded
on
instruments
called
_____________________________
.
There
are
three
different
types
of
_____________________________
released
by
a(n)
_____________________________
.
Kinds
of
Faults
A
________________________
is
created
when
tension
in
Earth’s
crust
pulls
the
rock
layers
apart.
Normal
Fault
Describe:
______________________________
______________________________________
Reverse
Fault
Describe:
______________________________
______________________________________
Strike-slip
Fault
Describe:
______________________________
______________________________________
P-waves
or
primary
waves
Describe:
_____________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
S-waves
or
secondary
waves
Describe:
_____________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Surface
waves
Describe:
______________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Measuring
Earthquakes
An
earthquake’s
seismic
waves
are
measured
and
recorded
by
an
instrument
called
a
________________________.
The
actual
recording
of
the
seismic
waves
is
a
________________________.
Using
seismograms,
seismologists
can
determine
an
earthquake’s
start
time
and
its
________________________.
What
is
the
Richter
scale?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Photographs
courtesy
of
USGS.
Key
Vocabulary
Terms
•
crust
•
earthquake
•
epicenter
•
fault
•
focus
•
normal
fault
•
plate
tectonics
•
P-waves
•
reverse
fault
•
Richter
scale
•
seismic
waves
•
seismogram
•
seismograph
•
seismologist
•
strike-slip
fault
•
surface
waves
•
S-waves
Time
Earthquakes
© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4106
www.newpathlearning.com
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