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Read each text. Write the author’s purpose and point of view. The purpose can be: inform, entertain, persuade, or create a mood. The point of view can be: first person, second person, third person omniscient, or third person objective. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, ... I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. excerpt from The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Having a dog-limit law will not stop bad dog owners from allowing their dogs to howl at night or run loose through the neighborhood. A bad dog owner can cause more chaos with one dog than a good dog owner can with four. What’s needed is for the town to enforce the leash, noise, and dog-licensing ordinances that are already on the books. The next wave crashed upon Jake with such force that he was dragged under at least 20 feet. He felt himself carried with a mighty force towards the shore. He held his breath and tried to swim forward with all his might. Just as his lungs were ready to burst, he felt himself rising. His head shot above the water’s surface. Gasping for breath, he thought, “I’ve got a chance; I may survive this!” Author’s purpose Point of View Author’s Purpose & Point of View Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4067
The following words should always be capitalized: awards The Victoria Cross is a British military decoration. businesses, organizations Mason goes to Churchville Junior & schools High School. days of the week We’re moving to our new home on Thursday. deities & religious figures God is worshipped by Jews and Christians. first word in a sentence Where did you leave the brochure? holidays St. Patrick’s Day is on March 17. months Mrs. Stern’s baby is due in September. pronoun I What did I do wrong? proper nouns: specific Paul Reardon is the new marketing director. person, place or thing They’re going to Yellowstone National Park. proper noun as adjective the Native American tribe; a Roman god team names We’ll watch a Chicago Bears game on Sunday. title in front of a Vice President Janet Browning person’s name religions Mai Ling is a practicing Buddhist. specific regions of the She lives in the on the East Coast. country; not compass directions Acronyms Acronyms are abbreviations written in capital letters without periods. The first time you introduce the name of an item in writing, put its acronym in parentheses after it. From then on, you can write the acronym instead of spelling out the item. American Medical Association (AMA) Central Standard Time (CST) National Football League (NFL) Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Capitalization Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4068
This is the proofreader’s mark that goes beneath a letter that should be capitalized. Make the proofreader’s mark for capitalization under each letter that needs capitalization. There may be more than one per line. 1. is the meeting in the prudential tower or the hancock building? 2. buy your office supplies at martinez office products, inc. 3. the milwaukee chamber of commerce sponsored the dance. 4. let’s invite the norrises to dinner next friday. 5. the guest speakers will be governor bailor and mayor ruiz. 6. the game was to be held on thanksgiving, but it’s been rescheduled for saturday. 7. is allied travel’s company headquarters still located on union street? 8. last month ben applied for a job to work at new path learning, a business in victor, new york. 9. my cousin and i attended a concert at the paradise performing arts arena. 10. the most valuable player (mvp) award ceremony will be held on may 15. 11. our office is closed on memorial day, the fourth of july, and labor day. 12. the hindu religion has many gods and goddesses. 13. rebecca purdom is the senator from rhode island. 14. the american cancer society (acs) is running an ad campaign to get smokers to quit. 15. did joe peters move from mississippi to texas? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 * 0 # Capitalization Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4068
There are many types of figurative language. Authors use these literary devices to make their writing more vivid and interesting. Alliteration is the use of multiple words near each other that begin with the same consonant sound – big beautiful blossoms in a bouquet Assonance is the use of multiple words near each other that have the same vowel sound. Note the four long E sounds in this sentence by Robert Frost. “The only other sound's the sweep of easy wind and downy flake .” Metaphor is a comparison made without using the words like or as . He’s a real bear before his first cup of coffee in the morning! Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like the sound it describes – boom, growl, snap, snarl This is a famous poem that uses figurative language. It was written by John McCrae when his best friend was buried in Flanders Fields during World War I. In Flanders Fields In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. Flanders fields (alliteration) saw sunset (alliteration) though; grow (assonance) break; faith (assonance) Loved and were loved; lie (alliteration) foe; from failing (alliteration) hold it high (alliteration) This is not an actual torch; it is a metaphor for duty and obligation Figurative Language Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4069
Read this excerpt from Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Raven.” In it, you will find examples of alliteration (8), assonance (7), metaphor (1), and onomatopoeia (4). Write the examples of each on the lines provided. Alliteration (4) examples: ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Assonance (3) examples: ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Onomatopoeia (3) examples: ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Metaphor (1) example: _________________________________________ Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore – While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door – Only this and nothing more.” Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought* its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; – vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease** of sorrow – sorrow for the lost Lenore – For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore – Nameless here for evermore. And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me – filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating “’Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door – Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; – This it is and nothing more.” *wrought – carefully worked **surcease – to bring to an end; to discontinue etching by Édouard Manet 1875 Figurative Language Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4069
There are four kinds of sentences. The first word in any sentence must be capitalized. A sentence has a subject and a verb that matches the subject. Declarative sentences give information. They declare, or make statements. They are the most common type of sentences. I’ll turn 14 in three weeks. Imperative sentences are commands or polite requests. They always begin with a verb or with the word please. This is the one sentence type in which the subject does not appear. The subject you is understood but not stated. Don’t talk with your mouth full of food. Exclamatory sentences show excitement or shouting. They end with an exclamation mark. These sentences are the least-often used because too many exclamation marks reduce their effectiveness. I can’t wait to go to the concert! Interrogative sentences are questions. They always end with a question mark. They generally start with a question word such as who, what, when, where, why, which, or how. They can also begin with a helping verb. Who are you talking to? What time is the party this Sunday? When are we going on vacation? Where did Doug put the remote control? Why did he ask her that? Which pair of boots do you want to wear? How is Grandma feeling? Is that your missing sock? (Is is the helping verb for missing.) Did Sam already eat lunch? (Did is the helping verb for eat.) The great white shark is the largest predatory fish in the world. Please pick up the floor. This is my favorite ride! 1 + - - + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 M2 M2 C 1 GHI PQRS Kinds of Sentences Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4070
Read each sentence. Add the ending punctuation mark. Then, identify the type of sentence. Use D for declarative, C for command/imperative, I for interrogative, and E for exclamatory. _____ 1. Who made the brownies for our bake sale ___ _____ 2. Stand under the arch ___ _____ 3. Derrick lost his shoe in the swamp ___ _____ 4. The deadline is July 31 ___ _____ 5. Turn off the water while brushing your teeth ___ _____ 6. Please build a fire ___ _____ 7. I can’t stand it anymore ___ _____ 8. Are the raspberries ready to pick ___ _____ 9. The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year ___ _____ 10. Where should we set up the tent ___ _____ 11. Hurry up, Tracy ___ _____ 12. We bought Dad a grill for Father’s day ___ _____ 13. Eat this soup ___ _____ 14. That’s so gross ___ _____ 15. Will Tessa meet us at the dock ___ I ? Kinds of Sentences Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4070
There are two kinds of letters: friendly and business. A friendly letter is sent to a family member or friend. A comma is used after the salutation, and the person just signs without typing his or her name. A business letter is sent to someone you don’t know well. It differs from a friendly letter in that it includes an inside address and a colon is used after the salutation. Cody 315 Betterin Road Matterton, NJ 09876 July 10, 2020 Dear Uncle Robin, I wanted you to know how much I enjoyed going camping with you last weekend. Nothing tastes better than marshmallows toasted over a campfire! The best part was seeing the shooting stars in the night sky. I’ve never seen that before. I can’t wait until we can do it again. See you soon. Love, 315 Betterin Road Matterton, NJ 09876 July 31, 2020 Best Biz, Inc. 1259 Watson Circle Reading, PA 25697 Dear Sir or Madam: Today I received a kite kit made by your company. It’s kit 43897. When I tried to put it together, two of the plastic “B” rods were missing. There was a note that said not to return it to the store but to write to you instead. Please send me two of the B rods immediately. Sincerely, Cody Franklin Cody Franklin heading, which is also the writer’s return address heading, which is also the writer’s return address inside address (receiver’s address that will also go on the envelope) salutation salutation signature signature block closing closing body body Letter Writing: Friendly & Business Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4071
Label each letter’s parts on the lines provided. Briana Rodriguez Briana Briana Rodriguez 755 Floyd Avenue Brockville, TN 45934 September 14, 2020 Rush School Board 385 Wheaton Center Road Bushkill, NY 15642 Dear School Board Members: I don’t think it’s fair that the students who get picked up from the junior high have to wait until all the buses have left. Usually we have to wait 20 minutes for the last bus to pull out. Why can’t our parents pick us up in the front circle so we aren’t interfering with the buses in the back circle? That simple change would enable everyone to leave at a similar time. Please consider my idea. Yours truly, 755 Floyd Avenue Brockville, TN 45934 September 21, 2020 Dear Francine, Boy, has it been dull around here since you moved away! Do you like your new house? Have you made any friends at your new school? How are your teachers? I miss you. I can’t wait until I can come to visit you and stay overnight. I can do any weekend in October. Call me! What kind of letter is this? _______________________________ What kind of letter is this? _______________________________ Your friend forever, Letter Writing: Friendly & Business Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4071
Modifiers–Adjectives Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4072 An adjective is a word that modifies, or tells about, a noun or pronoun. I prefer the blue T-shirt to the green one. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and always capitalized. Is that the German flag or the Austrian flag? (German is based on Germany and Austrian is based on Austria.) A compound adjective is when two or more words are used as a descriptive phrase directly in front of the noun it modifies. The words must be used together to modify the noun. Compound adjectives are always hyphenated. She signed a six-month lease for the apartment. Note: It’s not a six lease, and it’s not a month lease; it’s a six-month lease. Since you need both words together to describe the noun lease , six month is hyphenated. She signed an apartment lease for six months. (There’s no hyphen because the words come after the noun lease .) A predicate adjective always comes after the noun it describes. It always follows a linking verb. The linking verbs are forms of the verb to be (is, are, was, were, etc.) Other common linking verbs are appear, become, feel, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn . The linking verbs are underlined in the examples below: The baby appears hungry. (hungry describes the baby) We were too tired to argue. (tired describes the pronoun we) Her song sounds beautiful. (beautiful describes the song) A demonstrative adjective is a word such as this, that, these, and those used to describe nouns. Did Sally like that movie or this one? (that and this both describe movies) Are these the socks you’re looking for? (these describe the socks) LEASE
Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4072 Underline the adjective in each sentence. Circle the noun or pronoun it describes. Identify the type of adjective it is by writing its code on the line. A = adjective PR = proper adjective C = compound adjective PA = predicate adjective D = demonstrative adjective _____ 1. Greg wants Swiss cheese on his sub. _____ 2. These are the raspberry bushes I have for sale. _____ 3. The air in the room smelled stale. _____ 4. A well known celebrity stepped out of the limosuine. _____ 5. A homeless man pushed a shopping cart full of empty bottles. _____ 6. With time and rest the boy grew stronger. _____ 7. Would you like French fries with your order? _____ 8. Dawn is the blonde woman with the large sunglasses. _____ 9. Look at those clouds! We’d better take cover. _____ 10. Let’s order Chinese takeout for dinner. _____ 11. This drink tastes weird; I’m going to toss it out. _____ 12. He cried out when he discovered that the top-secret plans had been stolen from the safe. PR Modifiers–Adjectives
There are five types of nouns. Singular noun: names one person, place, or thing The lifeguard rescued the boy. Plural noun: names two or more people, places, or things The Oberts adopted twins last week. The recipe calls for three eggs. He visited four national parks during his trip. Proper noun: names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized Jack Grady is in Mrs. Bronson’s eighth grade homeroom. Did you visit Atlantic City last weekend? My favorite candy is Yumbo Pops. Collective noun: names a group; because collective nouns are a single entity, they take a singular verb A herd of deer was grazing in the field. Possessive noun: shows ownership; you can often spot this as two nouns next to each other with the first owning the second. Notice that a possessive noun always includes an apostrophe. The bear’s front leg was injured. (the leg belongs to the bear) The Jacobsons’ daughter will graduate from high school this year. (the daughter belongs to the Jacobsons) A dilapidated barn sagged in the meadow. The team runs onto the field. Nouns Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4073
___________ 9. A flock of geese crossed the road in front of us. ___________ 5. There were six ripe tomatoes on the plant. ___________ 1. Did you buy the tickets to the musical? ___________ 2. The school of fish quickly changed direction. ___________ 3. I think that’s Albert’s jacket on the chair. ___________ 4. We camped in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in July. ___________ 7. Where are the textbooks I left on the table? ___________ 6. The monitor’s cable is unplugged. ___________ 8. The Barkers’ house burned down last night. ___________ 11. On Saturday night they’re having dinner at the Blue River Inn. ___________ 10. The dogs’ collars were caught on the fencing. ___________ 12. The audience claps loudly at the end of the performance. Underline the nouns in each sentence. Identify the type of noun by writing its code on the line. There may be more than one noun in each sentence. PL = Plural S = Singular PO = Possessive C = Collective PR = Proper PL, S Nouns Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4073
Pronouns Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4074 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. A nominative case pronoun can be the subject of a sentence: I, you, he, she, we, they, and it. They just bought a new car! Objective case pronouns cannot be the subject of a sentence: me, him, her, them, and us. Did you try to text me? The pronoun you is unique because it can serve as the subject or object in a sentence. A possessive pronoun shows ownership. Never put an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun. Are these books hers? The cat scratched its ear. A reflexive pronoun ends with “self” or “ selves”: yourself, himself, herself, myself, itself, ourselves, and themselves. Always name the person before you refer back to him or her with a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun can never be the subject of a sentence. Right: Terry painted the deck all by himself. (Himself refers back to Terry.) Wrong: Dom and myself will chair the committee. (A reflexive pronoun can’t be a subject.) An indefinite pronoun refers to a nonspecific person or thing: somebody, nobody, anybody, everybody, someone, no one, anyone, and everyone. These pronouns take a singular verb. Everybody passed the test. No one wants to play ball in the rain. Pronoun Sticky Wickets: Little Words Causing Big Trouble Writers often mix up the use of I and me. To determine which to use, substitute the pronoun we . When we works, I is correct. When we doesn’t work, me is correct. Bree and ? went to the fair. “We” works in this sentence. Thus, it should be: Bree and I went to the fair. The envelope was addressed to Georgio, Martino, and ?. “We” doesn’t work in this sentence. Thus, it should be: The envelope was addressed to Georgio, Martino, and me. When a pronoun follows any form of the verb to be (is, was, were, etc.), use the nominative case, as in: The last runners to cross the finish line were Jorge and I. ELA Test 99% M2 M2 C 1 GHI PQRS AD1B5 76 Georgio, Martino & Sal
Pronouns Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4074 7. _______________ voted to have a pizza party except for Fernando. Everyone, Someone, Anyone Read each sentence. Then, choose the correct pronoun for each blank. 1. I’m sure that Sarah, Todd, and _______________ are prepared to take the science exam. I, me, myself 2. Does the robot move _________ mouth when _________ speaking? its, it’s, its’ its, it’s, its’ 3. The first- and second-place ribbons went to Rob and _______________ . I, me, myself 4. Nona, a famous circus elephant, appeared as _______________ in the TV show. she, her, herself 5. After the game, Rico and _______________ went to get hamburgers. I, me, myself 6. The only person left in the room was _______________ . I, me, myself 9. Did she want Cecilia and _______________ to sing the duet? I, me, myself 8. In raising children, parents work ___________________ out of a job. their, them, themselves 11. Did ______________ finish the ice cream by ________________? you, your, yourself you, your, yourself 10. Oddly, when Fred answered the door, _________________ was there. someone, no one, anyone 12. When I awoke, I found _______________ locked in an old tool shed. I, me, myself 2nd
Punctuation Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4075 Parentheses enclose information that is a nonessential part of a sentence. The material inside the parentheses is useful to the reader but not grammatically necessary. You could remove the words inside the parentheses without changing the meaning of the sentence. Most of our guests (except for Randall) ate the hot dogs. Parentheses enclose explanatory information, alternate spellings, names, and symbols. My knowledge of Spanish is limited to hola (hello) and adios (good-bye). People celebrate Pi Day (π) on March 14 (3/14) because 3, 1, and 4 are the first three digits of π. An acronym is provided in parentheses upon its first use in a text, and then used in place of the full term for the rest of the document. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) is one of the divisions of the United States military. Terminal punctuation marks should go outside the closing parenthesis. The only exception is if there is a complete sentence inside the parentheses. Quotation marks enclose word-for-word statements. They are used when someone is speaking or when quoting material from another source. Punctuation marks go inside the closing quotation mark. “The real problem,” she sighed, “is that we don’t know where to begin looking for the missing hikers.” (These are the actual words the speaker is saying.) Charles Dickens began the novel A Tale of Two Cities with the words, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” (This is a direct quote from a written work. Do not use quotation marks for a paraphrase.) Quotation marks are to enclose a part of a published work (such as chapter titles from a book or article titles from a magazine). Did you read “Will Our Next President Be of Asian Heritage?” in Politics for Today ? Apostrophes are used to show possession. The finches’ nest was so tiny I almost didn’t notice it. (The nest belongs to a pair of finches.) A tiny, bright yellow bird twittered in the tree’s branches. (The branches belong to the tree.) Apostrophes are used in place of letters in contractions. She can’t be serious. (Here the apostrophe takes the place of no in cannot.)
Punctuation Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4075 Insert parentheses where needed. 1. Istanbul formerly Constantinople is the largest city in Turkey. 2. The Scandinavian region consists of three European nations Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. 3. The mountain’s peak is 4,920 feet 1500 meters above sea level. 4. Interest rates are affected by the decisions of the Federal Reserve Board the Fed. 5. There is no space between a numeral and its symbol dollar or percentage sign. 6. The employment rate rose 13 percent see Table 2 during 2016. 7. Each book page must be scanned by optical character recognition OCR software. 8. The senator’s approval rating fell 24 points from 67 percent to 43 percent. 9. There is no space between enclosures quotation marks, parentheses, and brackets and the words they enclose. 10. Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae is a tropical plant that cannot survive temperatures below 40°F 4°C. POLAND GERMANY SWEDEN NORWAY DENMARK $5 “ ” 10%
Subject & Verb Agreement Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 92-4076 The subject of a sentence is the person, thing, or idea that does the action. The verb in a sentence tells the action taken. The action can be existing (any form of the verb to be ). The subject and verb must agree. The subject of a sentence is never found in a prepositional phrase. In addition to my friends, my brother is going on