Exploring Nature: All About Animals Flip Chart

Copyright © NewPath Learning. All rights reserved. www.newpathlearning.com Charts Charts 34-6303 Exploring Nature Exploring Nature AnimalS Animals \|xiBAHBDy01406lz[ All About All About Sturdy, Free-Standing Design, Perfect for Learning Centers! Reverse Side Features Questions, Labeling Exercises, Vocabulary Review & more! From Sheri Amsel, Award Winning Naturalist, Author & Illustrator!

Phone: 800-507-0966 • Fax: 800-507-0967 www.newpathlearning.com NewPath Learning® products are developed by teachers using research-based principles and are classroom tested. The company’s product line consists of an array of proprietary curriculum review games, workbooks, charts, posters, visual learning guides, interactive whiteboard software and other teaching resources. All products are supplemented with web-based activities, assessments and content to provide an engaging means of educating students on key, curriculum-based topics correlated to applicable state and national education standards. Copyright © 2011 NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Curriculum Mastery® and NewPath Learning® are registered trademarks of NewPath Learning LLC. Science Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts provide comprehensive coverage of key standards-based curriculum in an illustrated format that is visually appealing, engaging and easy to use. Curriculum Mastery® Flip Charts can be used with the entire classroom, with small groups or by students working independently. Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart Set features • 10 double-sided laminated charts covering grade-level specific curriculum content on one side plus write-on/wipe-off charts on the reverse side for student use or for small-group instruction. • Built-in sturdy free-standing easel for easy display • Spiral-bound for ease of use • Activity Guide with black-line masters of the charts for students to fill-in, key vocabulary terms, corresponding quiz questions for each chart, along with answers Ideal for • Learning centers • In-class instruction for interactive presentations and demonstrations • Hands-on student use • Stand-alone reference for review of key science concepts • Teaching resource to supplement any program HOW TO USE Classroom Use Each Curriculum Mastery® Flip Chart can be used to graphically introduce or review a topic of interest. Side 1 of each Flip Chart provides graphical representation of key concepts in a concise, grade appropriate reading level for instructing students. The reverse Side 2 of each Flip Chart allows teachers or students to fill in the call-outs of key structures and summarize key concepts. Note: Be sure to use an appropriate dry-erase marker and to test it on a small section of the chart prior to using it. The Activity Guide included provides a black-line master of each Flip Chart which students can use to fill in before, during or after instruction. On the reverse side of each black-line master are questions corresponding to each Flip Chart topic which can be used as further review or as a means of assessment. While the activities in the guide can be used in conjunction with the Flip Charts, they can also be used individually for review or as a form of assessment or in conjunction with any other related assignment. Learning Centers Each Flip Chart provides students with a quick illustrated view of grade-appropriate curriculum concepts. Students may use these Flip Charts in small group settings along with the corresponding activity pages contained in the guide to learn or review concepts already covered in class. Students may also use these charts as reference while playing NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Independent Student Use Students can use the hands-on Flip Charts to practice and learn independently by first studying Side 1 of the chart and then using Side 2 of the chart or the corresponding graphical activities contained in the guide to fill in the answers and assess their understanding. Reference/Teaching Resource Curriculum Mastery® Charts are a great visual supplement to any curriculum or they can be used in conjunction with NewPath’s Curriculum Mastery® Games. Chart # 1: Chart # 2: Chart # 3: Chart # 4: Chart # 5: Chart # 6: Chart # 7: Chart # 8: Chart # 9: Chart #10: The Animal Kingdom Vertebrates Invertebrates Animal Geographic Ranges Physical Adaptations of Animals Behavioral Adaptations of Animals Animal Life Cycles Animal Locomotion Animal Homes Animal Tracks and Signs Exploring Nature EExploring xploring Nature ature

Classification of the Animal Kingdom is broken down into nine groups or Phyla: 1) Annelida: segmented worms, 2) Nematoda: round worms, 3) Platyhelminthes: flat worms, 4) Arthropoda: insects, spiders, crabs and lobsters, barnacles, horseshoe crabs, centipedes, millipedes, 5) Porifera: sponges, 6) Echinodermata: starfish, sea urchins and sand dollars, 7) Cnidaria: jellyfish, coral and sea anemones, 8) Mollusca: snails and slugs, clams and oysters, octopi and squid, and 9) Chordata: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, sharks and rays, etc. Each Phyla is, in turn, broken down into many Classes and each Class into Orders. Each Order is broken down into Families, then Genus and Species. The Animal Kingdom chart below shows the nine animal Phyla with special attention to the Phylum Chordata and its Subphylum Vertebrata - animals with backbones. (Subphyla are smaller groups below Phyla sorting out the complex Phyla.) Vertebrata includes animals with backbones. From the Phylum Chordata down, each level only shows the most well-known groups. To identify one living thing, you use its Genus name and its Species name. For instance, the gray wolf is Canis lupus. Canis is its Genus and lupus is its Species. Note that the Genus name is always capitalized, but the Species name is not. Follow the classification line for the wolf below: Phylum - Chordata, Subphylum - Vertebrata, Class - Mammal, Order - Carnivora, Family - Canidae, Genus - Canis, Species - Lupus. To help remember the classification order, people use a funny saying: King Phillip Came Over From Germany Saturday. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. Animal Phyla Arthropoda Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Chordata Porifera (Sponges) Echinodermata (Starfish & Sea Urchins) Cnidaria (Coral & Jellyfish) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Nematoda (Round Worms) Mollusca (Snails, Clams & Octopi) Crustaceans Myriapoda Vertebrata Chelicerates Crabs Lobsters Shrimp Barnacles Insects Centipedes Millipedes Starfish Sand Dollars Horseshoe Crabs Spiders Scorpions Sea Urchins Jellyfish Anemones Coral Oysters Clams Snails Slugs Periwinkles Squid Octopi Reptiles Birds Mammals Bony Fish Cartilaginous Fish Lampreys Class Amphibians Hagfish Primates Edentata Carnivora Cetacea Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Lagomorph Rodentia Order (primates) (toothless mammals) (carnivores) (whales and dolphins) (even-toed hooved) (odd-toed hooved) (rabbits, hares, pikas) (rodents) Family Ursidae (bears) Procyonidae (raccoons) Canidae (dogs) Mustelidae (weasel family) Mephitidae (skunks) Otariidae & Phocidae (sea lions and seals) Felidae (cats) Species Canis lupus (gray wolf) Genus Vulpes (red, arctic & kit fox) Canis (wolf, coyote & dingo) The Animal Kingdom

94-4031 Classification of the Animalia Kingdom is broken down into nine groups or Phyla: 1) Annelida: segmented ________________, 2) Nematoda: round worms, 3) Platyhelminthes: flat worms, 4) Arthropoda: insects, spiders, crabs and lobsters, barnacles, horseshoe crabs, centipedes and millipedes, 5) Porifera: ______________________, 6) Echinodermata: starfish, sea urchins and sand dollars, 7) Cnidaria: jellyfish, coral and sea anemones, 8) Mollusca: snails and slugs, clams and oysters, ___________________________ and squid, and 9) Chordata: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, sharks and rays, etc. Each Phyla is, in turn, broken down into many Classes and each Class into Orders. Each Order is broken down into Families, then Genus and Species. The Animal Kingdom chart below shows the nine animal Phyla with special attention to the Phylum Chordata and its Subphylum Vertebrata - animals with _____________________________. From the Phylum Chordata down, each level only shows the most well-known groups. To identify one living thing, you use its Genus name and its Species name. For instance, the gray wolf is Canis lupus. Canis is its Genus and lupus is its Species. Note that the Genus name is always capitalized, but the species name is not. Follow the classification line for the wolf below: Phylum - ________________________, Subphylum - _______________________, Class - _________________________, Order - _________________________, Family - ________________________, Genus - Canis, Species - Lupus. To help remember the classification order, people use a funny saying: King Phillip Came Over From Germany Saturday. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. The Animal Kingdom Animal Phyla Arthropoda Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Chordata Porifera (Sponges) Echinodermata (Starfish & Sea Urchins) Cnidaria (Coral & Jellyfish) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Nematoda (Round Worms) Mollusca (Snails, Clams & Octopi) Crustaceans Myriapoda Vertebrata Chelicerates Crabs Lobsters Shrimp Barnacles Insects Centipedes Millipedes Starfish Sand Dollars Horseshoe Crabs Spiders Scorpions Sea Urchins Jellyfish Anemones Coral Oysters Clams Snails Slugs Periwinkles Squid Octopi Reptiles Birds Mammals Bony Fish Cartilaginous Fish Lampreys Class Amphibians Hagfish Primates Edentata Carnivora Cetacea Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Lagomorph Rodentia Order (primates) (toothless mammals) (carnivores) (whales and dolphins) (even-toed hooved) (odd-toed hooved) (rabbits, hares, pikas) (rodents) Family Ursidae (bears) Procyonidae (raccoons) Canidae (dogs) Mustelidae (weasel family) Mephitidae (skunks) Otariidae & Phocidae (sea lions and seals) Felidae (cats) Species Canis lupus (gray wolf) Genus Vulpes (red, arctic & kit fox) Canis (wolf, coyote & dingo)

Vertebrates are animals with a backbone. The Animal Kingdom is broken down into many groups called Phyla, but only the animals in the Phylum Chordata are vertebrates. The vertebrates make up many groups or Classes that may be familiar to you: 1) mammals, 2) birds, 3) reptiles, 4) amphibians, 5) fish, and 6) sharks and rays. Vertebrates Mammals (1) are a diverse group of animals from tiny shrews to great whales, and from marsupials with pouches, like kangaroos, to bats with flight and echolocation. Mammals have live young (except for the platypus) that they feed milk and teach to survive on their own. They are warm-blooded and covered with hair or fur (except whales and dolphins). Humans are mammals. Birds (2) share some traits with mammals. They are warm-blooded and care for their young. However, they lay eggs and do not nurse their hatchlings. They are covered with feathers and most can fly. Reptiles (3) are cold-blooded and lay leathery eggs on land. Most do not care for their young, though some, like the American alligator, will guard young hatchlings for awhile. Reptiles have tough, dry skin and protective scales or plates. Alligators, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes are reptiles. Amphibians (4) are also cold-blooded, but lay their eggs in water. Some spend much of their adult lives in the water and some on land, but all must come back to the water to breed. Amphibians go through a metamorphosis from a hatchling tadpole to an adult. They include frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. The common fish you may know are in a group (Class) called the Ray-Finned Fishes (5). They are cold- blooded, have scales and fins, and are flattened from side to side. This is actually the largest group of vertebrates on Earth and includes fish like bass, perch, trout, salmon, and catfish. Sharks and rays are in yet another group, called Cartilaginous Fishes (6) for their soft skeletons. They are cold-blooded, with tough protective skin, sharp teeth and a keen sense of smell. 4 1 3 2 6 5 1 2 3 4 5 6

94-4032 Vertebrates are animals with a _________________________. The Animal Kingdom is broken down into many groups called Phyla but only the animals in the Phylum _________________________ are vertebrates. The vertebrates make up many groups or Classes that may be familiar to you: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and sharks and rays. Mammals (1) are a diverse group of animals from tiny shrews to great whales, and from marsupials with pouches, like kangaroos, to bats with flight and echolocation. Mammals have live young (except for the platypus) that they feed ___________________ and teach to survive on their own. They are ______________ -blooded and covered with _______________ or fur (except whales and dolphins). Humans are mammals. Birds (2) share some traits with mammals. They are warm-blooded and care for their young. However, they lay _______________ and do not nurse their hatchlings. They are covered with __________________________ and most can _______________. Reptiles (3) are ___________________ -blooded and lay leathery eggs on land. Most do not care for their young, though some, like the American alligator will guard young hatchlings for awhile. Reptiles have with tough, dry skin and protective _____________________ or plates. Alligators, crocodiles, snakes, __________________________, tortoises, and lizards are reptiles. Amphibians (4) are also _______________ -blooded, but lay their eggs in _________________________. Some spend much of their adult lives in the water and some on land, but all must come back to the water to breed. Amphibians go through a __________________________________ from a hatchling tadpole to an adult. They include _______________________, toads, salamanders and newts. The common fish you may know are in a group (Class) called the Ray-Finned Fishes (5). They are cold- blooded, have scales and _________________ and are flattened from side to side. This is actually the largest group of vertebrates on Earth and includes fish like bass, perch, trout, salmon and catfish. Sharks and rays are in yet another group, called Cartilaginous Fishes (6) for their ________________ skeletons. They are cold- blooded, with tough protective skin, sharp _____________________ and a keen sense of smell. Vertebrates 4 1 3 2 6 5

Invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that have no backbone. The Animal Kingdom is broken down into groups called Phyla and all, except one, are invertebrates. Invertebrates are adapted for life in freshwater, salt water and on land. The Phylum Annelida is made up of segmented worms like earthworms (1) and leeches. The Phylum Nematoda has more than 25,000 species of tiny roundworms (2) – mostly parasites. The Phylum Arthropoda has many groups (Classes) of invertebrates, all with protective exoskeletons and segmented bodies. One Class includes crabs (3), lobsters and shrimp (4) with protective outer shells and powerful pinching claws. Another Class includes barnacles (5), adapted for life in and out of the water with the changing tides . Another Class includes horseshoe crabs (6). All these Classes are found in wet environments. On land, more Arthropod Classes are: insects (7) with six legs , spiders (8) with eight legs , scorpions (9) with legs modified for grasping , and centipedes (10) and millipedes (11) with many legs. The Phylum Platyhelminthes are simple flatworms like the planaria (12). The Phylum Porifera includes sponges (13) attached to the ocean floor where they live on small bits of food brought by wave action. The Phylum Echinodermata includes starfish (14), sea urchins (15) and sand dollars (16). These animals may seem motionless but they are actually deadly predators. The starfish can work the shell of a mussel open and push its stomach out of its mouth and into the mussel, where it digests them. The Phylum Cnidaria contains jellyfish (17), coral (18) and sea anemones (19) that use poison stinging cells to stun their prey. The Phylum Mollusca has three groups (Classes), including one group with oysters, clams (20), and mussels (21) with hinged shells . Another group has squid (22) and octopuses (23) with changing camouflage, jets of water to escape predators and sharp beaks to stab prey. The third group includes snails (24) and slugs (25), many living on dry land . Land and Freshwater Invertebrates: Ocean Invertebrates: Phyla Arthropoda (Crabs, Centipedes, Insects, Spiders) Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Porifera (Sponges) Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins) Cnidaria (Coral, Jellyfish) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Nematoda (Round Worms) Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Octopi) Chordata (animals with backbones) 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 13 12 17 15 14 2 16 22 18 19 20 21 23 24 25

94-4033 18 Invertebrates are animals that have no _____________________________. The Animal Kingdom is broken down into groups called Phyla and all, except one, are invertebrates. Invertebrates are adapted for life in freshwater, salt water and on land. Land and Freshwater Invertebrates: Ocean Invertebrates: Invertebrates Phyla Arthropoda (Crabs, Centipedes, Insects, Spiders) Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Porifera (Sponges) Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins) Cnidaria (Coral, Jellyfish) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Nematoda (Round Worms) Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Octopi) Chordata (animals with backbones) The Phylum Annelida is made up of segmented worms like ________________________________ (1) and leeches. The Phylum Nematoda has more than 25,000 species of tiny _________________________ (2) – mostly parasites. The Phylum Arthropoda has many groups (Classes) of invertebrates, all with protective exoskeletons and segmented bodies. One Class includes _____________________ (3), lobsters and ______________________ (4) with protective outer ________________ and powerful pinching claws. Another Class includes _________________________ (5) adapted for life in and out of the water with the tides . Another Class has _________________________ crabs (6). All of these Classes are found in wet environments. On land, more Arthropod Classes are: ______________________ (7) with six legs , _____________________ (8) with eight legs , __________________________ (9) with legs modified for grasping , and centipedes (10) and millipedes (11) with many legs. The Phylum Platyhelminthes are simple flatworms like the _____________________ (12). The Phylum Porifera includes sponges (13) attached to the ocean floor where they live on small bits of food brought by wave action. The Phylum Echinodermata includes ________________________ (14), ________________________ (15) and sand dollars (16). These animals may seem motionless, but they are actually deadly predators. The starfish works the shell of a mussel open and pushes its stomach out of its mouth and into the mussel, where it digests them. The Phylum Cnidaria contains ___________________________ (17), __________________________ (18) and _______________________________ (19) that use poison stinging cells to stun their prey. The Phylum Mollusca has three groups (Classes), including one group with oysters, ____________________ (20), and mussels (21) with hinged shells . Another group has ____________________ (22) and ______________________________ (23) with camouflage, jets of water to escape predators and sharp beaks to stab prey. The third group has ____________________ (24) and ____________________ (25), many living on dry land . 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 13 12 17 15 14 2 16 22 19 20 21 23 24 25

Animal Geographic Ranges Where a population of animals lives on Earth is called their geographic range. A range can change slowly over time due to weather, or quickly due to catastrophic events like earthquakes or meteor strikes. Big changes can cause a species to go extinct, but usually a population of animals will eventually reach a balance with the predators, prey and plants in its range. The exploration and expansion of humans around the world has affected animal (and plant) geographic ranges. As soon as humans began sailing the oceans in ships, they began introducing species to new ranges, sometimes with serious results, as seen with the extinction of the dodo bird. Humans also often intentionally introduce species with dire results, as seen with the rabbits in Australia. Yet many animals still have historical geographic ranges. Here are examples of 50 populations of animals in their historical geographic ranges. Australia is the only continent with populations of kangaroos (1), emu (2), dingos (3) and koalas (4), while only New Zealand has kiwis (5). The African grassland has cheetahs (6), African elephants (7), black rhinos (8), hippos (9), zebras (10), ostriches (11), wildebeests (12), lions (13), giraffes (14) and hyenas (15), while the north African deserts have dromedary camels (16) and fennec foxes (17). African rainforests are home to chimps (18) and gorillas (19), while lemurs (20) are only found in the forests of Madagascar. Orangutans (21) and gibbons (22) are found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Pandas (23) are in China. Yaks (24) and snow leopards (25) are on the Tibetan Plateau. Populations of tigers (26) and Asian elephants (27) are found in Asia and India. Pronghorn antelope (28), musk ox (29), polar bear (30), lynx (31), timber wolves (32), grizzly bears (33), mountain goats (34), elk (35), northern fur seals (36) and bald eagles (37) are found in North America, while giant anteaters (38), jaguars (39), capybara (40), spider and squirrel monkeys (41-42), anacondas (43), vicunas (44) and harpy eagles (45) are found in South America. Antarctica has adelie (46), gentoo (47) and emperor penguins (48). The saiga antelope (49) and Bactrian camels (50) live on the steppes of Mongolia. Ocean animal ranges are more fluid as they migrate annually throughout the oceans for feeding and reproduction. Can you find your favorite animal? North America South America Africa Asia Europe Australia Antarctia Madagascar 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 13 12 17 15 14 2 16 22 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 22 40 39 37 32 36 31 29 28 27 26 34 33 38 41 42 43 44 45 48 46 47 49 50 30 35

94-4034 Where a population of animals lives on Earth is called their geographic range. Here are examples of 50 populations of animals in their historical geographic ranges. Australia is the only continent with populations of ____________________ (1), ______________ (2), _____________________ (3) and _______________________ (4), while only New Zealand has _______________ (5). African grassland has ______________________ (6), ______________________________ (7), ___________________________ (8), ___________________ (9), ____________________ (10), ___________________ (11), ___________________________ (12), _____________________ (13), _____________________ (14), and ____________________ (15), while the north African deserts have dromedary _________________ (16) and fennec ________________ (17). African rainforests are home to _____________________ (18) and _____________________ (19), while ________________________ (20) are only found in the forests of Madagascar. _______________________ (21) and ____________________ (22) are found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. _______________________ (23) are in China. ___________ (24) and snow _________________ (25) are on the Tibetan Plateau. Populations of __________________ (26) and Asian ________________________ (27) are found in Asia and India. Pronghorn ___________________ (28), ______________ ______________ (29), ________________ _____________ (30), ___________ (31), timber wolves (32), _________________ ____________ (33), mountain ________________ (34), ____________ (35), northern ___________ ___________ (36) and __________ ______________ (37) are found in North America, while giant _________________ (38), _____________________ (39), _____________________ (40), spider and squirrel ______________________ (41-42), ____________________ (43), ___________________ (44) and harpy eagles (45) are found in South America. Antarctica has _________________ (46), _________________ (47) and emperor ________________________ (48). The saiga _________________ (49) and Bactrian _____________________ (50) live on the steppes of Mongolia. Ocean animal ranges are more fluid as they migrate annually throughout the oceans for feeding and reproduction. North America South America Africa Asia Australia Antarctia Madagascar Europe Animal Geographic Ranges 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 13 12 17 15 14 2 16 22 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 22 40 39 37 32 36 31 29 28 27 26 34 33 38 41 42 43 44 45 48 46 47 49 50 30 35

Physical Adaptations of Animals Physical adaptations occur in a population of animals as a result of something called adaptive traits. These are any inheritable traits that help an animal survive longer so it can have more young (who may also have these helpful traits). Adaptative traits can help with food collection, safer homes, escaping predators or surviving cold, heat or lack of water. Some adaptive traits are obviously meant to protect animals from predators, like a skunk’s spray (1) or a porcupine’s quills (2), but sometimes they are more subtle like the adaptive traits for locomotion. The hollow bones (3) and flight feathers of birds help them fly, and the smooth scales and many fins on fish (4) help them swim. The larger, more muscular back legs of frogs and kangaroos are for jumping (5), while the wide-hooved feet of caribou (6) help them walk and run across snow-covered tundra. Another adaptive trait is cryptic coloring (7) which helps animals blend into their environment to avoid predation or to catch prey (8). Some cryptic coloring mimics details of the leaves (9), bark (10) or plant (11) on which animals such as insects live, forming a disguise. Other adaptive traits that help animals survive in their habitats include longer, thicker fur for the cold, larger ears (12) to cool the blood in the heat, or turning white during snowy months to blend in. Any traits that may increase survival and are inheritable by young are considered adaptative traits. 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 12 2

94-4035 5 6 Physical adaptations occur in a ___________________________________ of animals as a result of something called adaptive ______________________ . These are any inheritable traits that help an animal survive longer so it can have more _________________________ (who may also have these helpful traits). Adaptative traits can help with food collection, safer homes, escaping predators or surviving cold, heat or lack of ____________________. Some adaptive traits are obviously meant to protect animals from predators, like a ______________________ ___________________ (1) or porcupine’s ____________________ (2), but sometimes they are more subtle like theadaptive traits for locomotion. The hollow __________________ (3) and flight feathers of birds help them ___________ and the smooth scales and many ______________ on fish (4) help them __________________. The larger, more muscular back ______________ of frogs and kangaroos are for jumping (5), while the _________________ ___________________ feet of caribou (6) help them walk and run across snow- covered tundra. Other adaptive traits include ____________________ ___________________ (7) that helps animals ______________________ into their environment to avoid ___________________________ or to catch ____________________ (8). Some cryptic coloring __________________ the details of _____________________ (9), ________________ (10) or plants (11) on which animals such as insects live, forming a ___________________________. Other adaptive traits that help animals survive in their habitats include longer, thicker ___________ for the cold, larger _____________ (12) to cool the blood in the heat, or turning ____________________ during snowy months to blend in. Any traits that may increase survival and are inheritable by young are considered adaptative traits. 4 1 3 8 9 7 10 11 12 2 Physical Adaptations of Animals

Behavioral Adaptations of Animals Similar to physical adaptive traits that help with survival, like camouflage, warm fur, flight feathers, or quills, animals also develop behavioral adaptive traits. Behavioral adaptations are changes in how animals act that occur in a population of animals over many generations. These are inheritable traits that help an animal survive longer so it can have more young (who may also have these helpful behavioral traits). Behavioral adaptative traits also help with food collection, safer homes, escaping predators, or surviving cold, heat or lack of water. Any traits that may increase survival and are inheritable by young are considered adaptative traits. Here are some examples. Some animals survive extreme cold, heat or even drought by going into a deep sleep called torpor (1) or actual hibernation (2) where the body goes into a kind of stasis so it does not need food or water for a period of time. Other animals migrate (3) to warmer climates (or wetter habitats). Nest building is another behavioral adaptive trait. Nests that protect more young are said to have a selective advantage, whether the animal is a weaverbird (4), beaver (5) or termite (6). Some animals, like the frilled lizard (7), enlarge themselves, flash bright colors, or hiss to discourage predators. Others warn off predators with a loud sound, like the rattle of a rattlesnake (8), or even escape by just leaping in an irregular pattern like the kangaroo rat (9). These are all adaptive behaviors. 4 1 3 5 9 6 7 2 8

94-4036 Similar to _______________________ adaptive traits that help with survival, like camouflage, warm fur, flight feathers, or quills, animals also develop _______________________ adaptive traits. Behavioral adaptations are changes in how animals act that occur in a ____________________________ of animals over many generations. These are inheritable traits that help an animal survive longer so it can have more _________________________ (who may also have these helpful behavioral traits). Behavioral adaptative traits also help with food collection, safer homes, escaping __________________________, or surviving cold, heat or lack of water. Any traits that may increase survival and are inheritable by young are considered adaptative traits. Here are some examples. Some animals survive extreme cold, heat or even drought by going into a deep sleep called ___________________ (1) or actual ___________________________ (2) where the body goes into a kind of stasis so it does not need food or _____________________ for a period of time. Other animals _____________________ (3) to warmer climates (or wetter habitats). Nest building is another behavioral adaptive trait. Nests that protect more young are said to have a selective advantage, whether the animal is a ______________________ (4), ______________________ (5) or ______________________ (6). Some animals, like the frilled __________________ (7), enlarge themselves or flash bright colors to discourage _____________________. Others warn off predators with a loud sound, like the rattle of a _______________________ (8), or even escape by just leaping in an irregular pattern like the kangaroo _________ (9). These are all ______________________ behaviors. 4 1 3 5 9 6 7 2 8 Behavioral Adaptations of Animals

All animals (and all living things) have a life cycle. The adults reproduce - the male and female mate and the female grows the developing young inside her body for an amount of time. This is called gestation and can be just a few days (the frog) or up to two years (the African elephant). Some animals, like insects, reptiles and amphibians, lay eggs, while mammals have live young. Some animals, like many insects and amphibians, have life cycles with complex physical changes called a metamorphosis. While other animals like mammals and birds are born small and helpless, but with parental care will grow and develop into their adult form. Then they too can reproduce and the life cycle continues. Different animals have different kinds of life cycles. Even among insects there are two very different kinds of metamorphosis. Some insects, like grasshoppers, undergo incomplete metamorphosis, where the young nymphs hatch looking like tiny adults. They grow and periodically shed their hard outer exoskeleton, each new size called an instar. Most insects, however, go through a complete metamorphosis with new hatchlings called larvae that look completely different than adults. These soft-bodied young (caterpillars) have no exoskeleton so they can just feed and keep growing. When they reach a certain size, they finally form a protective cocoon or chrysalis and begin to change or pupate. During pupation their body breaks down and changes into their adult form. Then they break free of the cocoon and fly away. Mammals, including humans, go through changes as they age to adulthood too, but they are more gradual and don’t require a cocoon. Here are some illustrated examples of different animal life cycles and the changes they go through. Life Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle of the Bullfrog Life Cycle of the Loon Life Cycle of the Human egg hatching larva growing larva pupa in chrysalis adult hatching from chrysalis adult adult adults adult eggs eggs eggs hatching tadpoles growing limbs shrinking tail hatching egg hatchlings growing chicks young fledgling baby toddler child teenager (adolescent) Animal Life Cycles growing tadpoles

94-4037 All animals have a life cycle. Adults ____________________________ – a male and female mate and the female grows developing young inside her body. This is called _______________________________ and can be just a few days (the frog) or up to two years (elephants). Some animals, like insects, reptiles and amphibians lay ___________ while mammals have _______________ young. Many insects and amphibians go through complex physical changes called _________________________________. Other animals like mammals and birds are born small and helpless, but with parental care will grow and develop into their adult form. Different animals have different kinds of life cycles. Even among insects there are two very different kinds of _______________________________. Some insects like grasshoppers undergo _______________________________ _______________________________, where the young __________________ hatch looking like tiny adults. They grow and shed their hard outer _____________________________, each new size called an ___________________. Most insects, however, go through a _______________________ _____________________________ with new hatchlings called ____________________ that look completely different than adults. These soft-bodied young (caterpillars) have no exoskeleton so they can just feed and keep growing. When they reach a certain size, they finally form a protective ________________________ or ________________________ and begin to change or _____________________. During _________________________ their body breaks down and changes into their adult form. Mammals, including humans, go through changes as they age to adulthood too, but they are more gradual and don’t require a ________________________. Here are some examples of different animal life cycles. Life Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle of the Bullfrog Life Cycle of the Loon Life Cycle of the Human egg hatching larva growing larva pupa in chrysalis adult hatching from chrysalis adult adult adults adult eggs eggs eggs hatching tadpoles growing limbs shrinking tail egg hatching hatchlings growing chicks young fledgling baby toddler child teenager (adolescent) growing tadpoles Animal Life Cycles

How an animal moves is called locomotion. Animals use locomotion to travel from place to place, compete for a mate, search for food, chase prey or escape predators. We all know that fish swim, birds fly, cheetahs run and tigers leap, but did you know that animals have different forms of locomotion to suit their habitats? Animals like zebras (1), cheetahs (2), wildebeest (3) and antelopes (4) live on the open grasslands of the African savannah, so they are built for running fast. This is similar to the American prairie that was once home to millions of bison (5) and pronghorn antelope (6). Grasslands also suit the powerful jumping abilities of kangaroos (7) traveling across the dry, rocky outback of Australia. Rainforest animals are built more for climbing and leaping, like monkeys and apes (8) swinging through the trees using powerful arms. This form of locomotion is called brachiation. Other rainforest animals slither slowly through the vegetation, like anacondas, boa constrictors (9) and other snakes. Some forest animals even glide on flaps of skin from tree to tree like the flying lizard (10). Few rainforest animals live on the forest floor where they may be attacked by predators. The ones that do are built compact and low to the ground for running under or through the vegetation, like the tapir (11) and wild boar. Aquatic environments, both saltwater and fresh, suit animals with fins and strong body muscles for swimming like fish (12), sharks (13), dolphins (14), whales and other marine mammals. Birds are found in all environments, using many forms of locomotion. Ostriches (15) run on open grasslands and penguins (16) swim in the ocean, while any number of birds fly over all habitats. How do the animals you know move in their environment? Animal Locomotion 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 12 2 13 15 16 14

94-4038 How an animal moves is called _____________________________. Animals use locomotion to travel from place to place, compete for a mate, search for food, chase prey or escape _____________________________. We all know that fish _________________, birds ___________, cheetahs ___________ and tigers leap, but did you know that animals have different forms of locomotion to suit their habitats? Animals like ___________________ (1), ___________________ (2), ___________________ (3) and ___________________ (4) live on the open grasslands of the African savannah so they are built for running fast. This is similar to the American __________________ that was once home to millions of _________________ (5) and pronghorn ________________________ (6). Grasslands also suit the powerful jumping abilities of ___________________________ (7) traveling across the dry, rocky outback of Australia. Rainforest animals are built more for climbing and leaping, like monkeys and _______________ (8) swinging through the trees using powerful arms. This form of locomotion is called _______________________. Other rainforest animals slither slowly through the vegetation, like anacondas and __________ constrictors (9). Some forest animals even glide on flaps of skin from tree to tree like the ___________________ ___________________ (10). Few rainforest animals live on the forest ___________________ where they may be attacked by predators. The ones that do are built compact and low to the ground for running under or through the vegetation, like the ______________ (11) and wild boar. Aquatic environments, both saltwater and fresh, suit animals with fins and strong body muscles for _____________________ like ____________ (12), ___________________ (13), __________________ (14), whales and other marine mammals. Birds are found in all environments, using many forms of locomotion. ____________________ (15) run on open grasslands and ___________________ (16) swim in the ocean, while any number of birds fly over all habitats. How do the animals you know move in their environment? 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 12 2 13 15 16 14 Animal Locomotion

Animal Homes Animals build homes for a safe place to deliver and their raise young, for shelter from bad weather and for storing food. Some animals build their homes using materials they harvest like sticks, grass or mud. Others use natural shelters like caves, hollow trees and rock piles or take over old homes abandoned by other animals. Different animals build homes in different ways, depending on their habitat, abilities and needs. Birds are diverse nest builders. Some create very complex nests, like the weaverbird (1) of Africa. While others, like the emperor penguin (2), simply lay one egg and incubate it on their feet under their belly. Forest birds build nests of grass and twigs perched on the branches of trees like the bald eagle (3). Others nest in tree holes, caves or on the top of snags or even power poles, like the osprey (4). The cowbird (5) doesn’t build nests at all, but lays their eggs in the nests of other birds, leaving them to raise their young. Insects build complex and structured nests using the materials they collect and remake into building supplies. Examples of this are mud dauber nests, honeycombs and paper wasp hives (6). Spiders (7) spin webs to catch food and build strong, cozy egg sacs for their young. Turtles (8) bury their eggs in sand nests and don’t wait around to see their young hatch. Land mammal homes vary from the giant beaver houses (9) built with an underwater entrance and food stash to simple holes dug into a bank or under a log like a hibernating bear (10). Small mammals, like prairie dogs, woodchucks and kangaroo rats (11) often dig burrows, make nests of grass and leaves or den in hollow trees or rock piles. Marine mammals, like dolphins (12), whales and seals, bear their young on rocky shores or right in the open ocean and build no homes at all. Humans build homes, of course, and live in them year round, often spending more time inside than out. 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 12 2

94-4039 Animals build homes for a safe place to deliver and their raise young, for shelter from bad weather and for storing __________________. Some animals build their homes using materials they harvest like sticks, _______________________ or mud. Others use natural shelters like caves, hollow _____________________ and rock piles or take over old homes abandoned by other animals. Different animals build homes in different ways, depending on their habitat, abilities and needs. ________________ are diverse nest builders. Some create very complex nests, like the weaverbird (1) of Africa. While others, like the __________________ __________________ (2), simply lay one egg and incubate it on their feet under their belly. Forest birds build nests of grass and twigs perched on the branches of trees like the __________________ __________________ (3). Others nest in tree holes, caves or on the top of snags or even power poles, like the __________________ (4). The __________________ (5) doesn’t build nests at all, but lays their eggs in the nests of other birds’, leaving them to raise their young. Insects build complex and structured nests using the materials they collect and remake into building supplies. Examples of this are mud dauber nests, honeycombs and paper wasp _________________ (6). Spiders (7) spin ____________ to catch food and build strong, cozy egg sacs for their young. Turtles (8) bury their ___________ in sand nests and don’t wait around to see their young hatch. Land mammal homes vary from the giant __________________ __________________ (9) built with an underwater entrance and food stash to simple holes dug into a bank or under a log like a hibernating __________________ (10). Small mammals, like prairie dogs, woodchucks and kangaroo rats (11) often dig __________________________, make nests of grass and leaves or den in hollow trees or rock piles. Marine mammals, like _____________________ (12), whales and seals, bear their young on rocky shores or right in the open ocean and build no homes at all. Humans build homes, of course, and live in them year round, often spending more time inside than out. 4 1 3 5 8 9 6 7 10 11 2 12 Animal Homes

Animal Tracks and Signs Others mammals, like fox, coyote, bobcat, deer and moose are diagonal walkers moving their legs on the opposite sides of the body (the front right with the back left). The clues for dog tracks (wolves, coyotes, and fox) are the impressions of the nails. All the toes are about the same size, and the palm track is pointed in front like the pointy nose of a dog. The fox palm pad is thinner and shaped more like a banana. Both dog tracks would allow a cross to be traced through their track (unlike a cat). The cat track has one lead toe and the pinkie toe is smaller so you can tell the left from right. There are rarely claw marks unless the track is on a slippery surface like ice. Weasels and otters are bounders with their front feet landing together and the back feet landing behind (top view) or on top (bottom view) of the front track. Bears, raccoons, porcupines and skunks are pacers moving the same side of the body at the same time (the front right with the back right). For raccoons, look for the Z pattern of their track pattern as well. The scratches and bites that bears leave on marked trees to communicate with other bears are longer lasting than tracks. Tracks are NOT to Scale. It is not always easy to see mammals in the wild. Many are nocturnal and shy of humans. So being able to identify animal tracks lets you know which animals are in your area. It can be tricky to make a positive identification using tracks alone, but other clues called signs like animal trails, beds (flattened vegetation), scat, snagged fur, rubbing, gnawing, nibbling and scratching can help. Another clue is the tracking pattern, or how the animal moves. Some mammals, like hares and squirrels, gallop and their back feet land on the outside and in front of their front tracks. Hare tracks are easy to spot because their back feet are huge like snowshoes. Squirrels leave other clues like pinecone stems and seeds. Beavers spend much of the time in the water and when they are on land are gnawing and dragging, so their tracks are not the most obvious thing they leave behind. Look for gnawed stumps and sticks and piles of wood chips. If you do see beaver tracks, the back foot is webbed. Deer are also diagonal walkers with the familiar double slice track. pinkie toe banana shape pointed

94-4040 Draw a line from the animal to its track or track and sign. Animal Tracks and Signs

Exploring Nature: All About Animals

Life Science - Middle School

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